Table 2 Demographics and characteristics of trauma patients according to the hospital ranking (hospital performance)
From: Trauma complications and in-hospital mortality: failure-to-rescue
Hospital outlier status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Low-mortality | Average-mortality | High-mortality | P value | |
Number of institutions | 39 | 72 | 40 | |
Number of patients | 37,073 | 102,368 | 44,773 | |
Age | 65 (45–80) | 65 (44–79) | 64 (42–79) | < 0.01 |
Sex (male) | 22,343 (60.3) | 61,702 (60.3) | 27,038 (60.4) | 0.90 |
Type of injury | ||||
Blunt (vs. penetrate) | 35,983 (97.1) | 99,391 (97.1) | 43,340 (96.8) | < 0.01 |
AIS (≥ 3) | ||||
Head | 10,570 (28.5) | 31,627 (30.9) | 13,956 (31.2) | < 0.01 |
Face | 389 (1.1) | 758 (0.7) | 250 (0.6) | < 0.01 |
Neck | 178 (0.5) | 398 (0.4) | 149 (0.3) | < 0.01 |
Thorax | 8268 (22.3) | 22,635 (22.1) | 9619 (21.5) | < 0.01 |
Abdomen and pelvis | 2111 (5.7) | 6067 (5.9) | 2326 (5.2) | < 0.01 |
Spine | 4286 (11.6) | 11,048 (10.8) | 4228 (9.4) | < 0.01 |
Upper extremity | 2150 (5.8) | 5917 (5.8) | 1907 (4.3) | < 0.01 |
Lower extremity | 11,300 (30.5) | 34,763 (34.0) | 15,289 (34.2) | < 0.01 |
Body surface | 16 (0.04) | 60 (0.1) | 32 (0.1) | 0.25 |
ISS | 11 (9–20) | 11 (9–19) | 10 (9–18) | < 0.01 |
Vital signs at arrival | ||||
GCS | 15 (14–15) | 15 (14–15) | 15 (14–15) | < 0.01 |
SBP | 137 (118–157) | 138 (119–158) | 139 (119–160) | < 0.01 |
HR | 82 (71–95) | 82 (72–95) | 83 (72–96) | < 0.01 |
RR | 20 (17–24) | 20 (17–24) | 20 (18–24) | < 0.01 |
BT | 36.5 (36–37) | 36.5 (36–37) | 36.5 (36–37) | < 0.01 |
Alcohol | 2803 (12.0) | 9386 (14.2) | 4638 (15.0) | < 0.01 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Ischemic heart diseases | 1620 (4.4) | 4281 (4.2) | 1702 (3.8) | < 0.01 |
Heart failure | 1180 (3.2) | 2322 (2.3) | 966 (2.2) | < 0.01 |
Hypertension | 9970 (26.9) | 26,083 (25.5) | 10,983 (24.5) | < 0.01 |
Other cardiac diseases | 1582 (4.3) | 4995 (4.9) | 2143 (4.8) | < 0.01 |
Asthma | 1044 (2.8) | 3152 (3.1) | 1388 (3.1) | < 0.01 |
COPD | 243 (0.7) | 746 (0.7) | 310 (0.7) | 0.329 |
Other chronic lung diseases | 448 (1.2) | 1018 (1.0) | 505 (1.1) | < 0.01 |
Liver cirrhosis | 267 (0.7) | 728 (0.7) | 366 (0.8) | 0.08 |
Chronic hepatitis | 596 (1.6) | 1376 (1.3) | 645 (1.4) | < 0.01 |
Peptic ulcer | 530 (1.4) | 2357 (2.3) | 911 (2.0) | < 0.01 |
Inflammatory bowel diseases | 253 (0.7) | 676 (0.7) | 170 (0.4) | < 0.01 |
Other gastrointestinal diseases | 1568 (4.2) | 3878 (3.8) | 1637 (3.7) | < 0.01 |
DM | 4152 (11.2) | 11,207 (11.0) | 4856 (10.9) | 0.25 |
Obesity | 47 (0.1) | 108 (0.1) | 71 (0.2) | 0.03 |
Other metabolic diseases | 1113 (3.0) | 3342 (3.3) | 1372 (3.1) | 0.02 |
Stroke | 2260 (6.1) | 6243 (6.1) | 2291 (5.1) | < 0.01 |
Psychiatric disease | 1888 (5.1) | 5600 (5.5) | 3039 (6.8) | < 0.01 |
Dementia | 2550 (6.9) | 6771 (6.6) | 2867 (6.4) | 0.03 |
Other neurological diseases | 834 (2.3) | 2922 (2.9) | 1287 (2.9) | < 0.01 |
HIV | 8 (0.02) | 22 (0.02) | 6 (0.01) | 0.57 |
Malignancies | 875 (2.4) | 2770 (2.7) | 877 (2.0) | < 0.01 |
Hematological diseases | 89 (0.2) | 350 (0.3) | 121 (0.3) | < 0.01 |
Chronic renal failure or HD | 516 (1.4) | 2452 (2.4) | 507 (1.1) | < 0.01 |
Pregnancy | 14 (0.04) | 41 (0.04) | 20 (0.04) | 0.88 |
Others | 1384 (3.7) | 4750 (4.6) | 2404 (5.4) | < 0.01 |
Steroid use | 650 (1.8) | 1629 (1.6) | 658 (1.5) | < 0.01 |
Immunosuppressant use | 170 (0.5) | 358 (0.4) | 119 (0.3) | < 0.01 |
Anticoagulant use | 73 (0.2) | 135 (0.1) | 36 (01) | < 0.01 |
Previous healthy (no comorbidities reported) | 16,893 (45.6) | 45,356 (44.3) | 20,037 (44.8) | < 0.01 |