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Table 3 Predisposition, infection, response, and organ failure (PIRO) characteristics of admissions stratified by admission status

From: Predicting the clinical trajectory in critically ill patients with sepsis: a cohort study

Variable

At risk, N = 53

Limited organ failure, N = 1151

Multiple-organ failure, N = 167

P value

Predisposition

 Age (years)

63 (48–73)

63 (53–71)

63 (52–71)

0.90

 Male gender

61 (61)

709 (61)

82 (62)

0.98

 Chronic comorbidities

  Diabetes mellitus

26 (26)

217 (19)

24 (18)

0.19

  Cardiovascular diseasea

28 (28)

318 (27)

30 (23)

0.49

  Immunodeficiencyb

33 (33)

316 (27)

41 (31)

0.33

  Renal insufficiencyc

23 (23)

192 (16)

20 (15)

0.21

  Respiratory insufficiencyd

15 (15)

171 (15)

24 (18)

0.59

 Admission type, medical

78 (78)

853 (73)

103 (77)

0.22

Insult

 Source (hospital-acquired)

42 (42)

514 (44)

65 (49)

0.51

 Site/organ system

   

0.036

  Pulmonary

68 (68)

676 (58)

61 (46)

 

  Abdomen

5 (5)

125 (11)

20 (15)

  Urinary tract

6 (6)

67 (6)

11 (8)

  Other or unknown

21 (21)

298 (26)

41 (31)

Response

 SIRS criteriae

  Temperature

53 (53)

683 (59)

92 (69)

0.027

  Leukocytes

65 (65)

839 (72)

93 (70)

0.32

  Respiratory rate

86 (86)

1122 (96)

130 (98)

< 0.001

  Heart rate

75 (75)

939 (81)

122 (92)

0.002

 C-reactive protein (mg/L)

118 (75–209)

189 (101–296)

225 (123–293)

0.015

 Lactate (mmol/L)

2.0 (1.3–2.9)

2.7 (1.7–4.5)

6.2 (4.1–10.7)

< 0.001

Organ dysfunction

 SOFA score at admission

5 (4–7)

8 (7–10)

12 (11–15)

< 0.001

 APACHE IV score

70 (60–87)

84 (69–102)

112 (95–130)

< 0.001

Outcome

 ICU case fatality

5 (9)

180 (16)

67 (40)

< 0.001

 ICU length of stay (days)

5 (3–12)

7 (3–12)

10 (4–18)

< 0.001

  1. Data are numbers (percentage) or median (inter-quartile range)
  2. Abbreviations: APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, ICU intensive care unit, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome
  3. aCardiovascular disease was defined as cerebrovascular disease or chronic cardiovascular insufficiency (New York Heart Association class 4), chronic congestive heart failure (ejection fraction < 30%), or peripheral vascular disease (intermittent claudication, patients with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or bypass for arterial insufficiency)
  4. bImmunodeficiency was defined as having acquired immune deficiency syndrome, the use of corticosteroids in high doses (equivalent to prednisolone of > 75 mg/day for at least 1 week), current use of immunosuppressive drugs, current use of antineoplastic, drugs recent hematologic malignancy, or documented humoral or cellular deficiency
  5. cRenal insufficiency was defined as chronic renal insufficiency (creatinine > 177 μmol/L) or chronic dialysis
  6. dRespiratory insufficiency was defined as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic respiratory insufficiency with functional disabilities (chronic mechanical ventilation, oxygen use at home, or severe pulmonary hypertension)
  7. eSystemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria were defined as temperature < 36.0 or > 38.0 °C during at least 2 and 1 h, respectively; white blood cell count < 4 or > 12 × 109/L or > 10% immature (band) forms; heart rate > 90/min during at least 1 h; respiratory rate > 20/min during at least 1 h, pCO2 < 32 mmHg, or mechanical ventilation
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Critical Care

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