Table 2 Prognostic values of other biomarkers studied simultaneously with serum PCT levels
Study | Other biomarkers | Comments on other biomarkers |
|---|---|---|
Ren et al. [33] | HSP70, WBC | - HSP70 and WBC levels were elevated at 1–6 h post injury while PCT increased 24 h post - Magnitude of HSP70 increased was related to the severity of injury - Increased HSP70 24 h post injury suggested infection |
Rajkumari et al. [35] | CRP | - No difference in CRP levels between patients with and without sepsis - PCT and CRP did not correlate with SOFA score |
Haasper et al. [37] | IL-6 | - IL-6 levels peaked on day 0, while PCT peaked levels peaked on day 1 - Significant difference in IL-6 and PCT levels between patients with and without MODS - No difference in IL-6 and PCT levels between patients with and without sepsis |
Keel et al. [38] | PSP, CRP, IL-6 | - Significant difference in PSP levels between patients with and without sepsis during hospital stay - Slow induction of CRP with peak levels reaching day 3. Significant difference in CRP levels between patients with and without sepsis on day 7 after trauma - Peak IL-6 levels of day 0 after trauma. Significantly higher IL-6 levels in septic patients after day 5 compared to patients with no infection - Peak PCT on day 1. Significant PCT levels between patients with sepsis and without on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 - No difference in CRP, PCT, and IL-6 levels between patients with sepsis and local infection |
Castelli et al. [39] | CRP | - No difference in CRP levels between patients with and without sepsis - CRP did not correlate with SOFA score |
Billeter et al. [40] | CRP, IL-6, lactate | -IL-6 peaked on day 1 after trauma - Significant difference in IL-6 levels between patients with or without sepsis on days 3 and 5. No difference after day 5 - Slow induction of CRP with peak levels reaching between days 3 and 7 - Significant difference in CRP levels between patients with or without sepsis on days 5, 7, and 14 - Insufficient 24-h lactate clearance was associated with high rate of mortality and sepsis |
Balci et al. [42] | CRP | - CRP levels were higher only in cases of severe sepsis or septic shock, but not in cases of sepsis alone - Significant difference in CRP level between survivors and non-survivors on days 1 and 7 |
Castelli et al. [43] | CRP | - Slow induction of CRP after trauma - No correlation between CRP levels and sepsis - CRP levels correlated with SOFA score |
Ertugrul et al. [44] | CRP | - No difference in CRP levels between infected and non-infected groups |
Meisner et al. [45] | CRP | - CRP levels peaked on day 3 (slow induction) - No correlation between CRP levels and posttraumatic complications including sepsis, MODS, and mortality |
Egger et al. [46] | PMN migration, CRP, IL-6, IL-8, NT, lactate, cortisol, Elastase, MDA | - PMN migration was a highly sensitive predictive marker for infection - No difference in the other biomarker levels between infected and non-infected groups |
Hensler et al. [47] | Neopetrin (NT) | - NT level decreased on day 0 after trauma, followed by an increase on days 1 and 2 - Both PCT and NT were unable to differentiate between patients who developed sepsis or not - No difference between PCT or NT levels of survivors and non-survivors - No difference in NT levels between patients with and without MOF |
Oberholzer et al. [49] | IL-6 | Both PCT and IL-6 levels peaked on day 1 after trauma Both PCT and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in septic patients compared with patients without sepsis Both PCT and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in patients who developed MODS compared with patients without MODS |
Mimoz et al. [51] | CRP | - PCT levels peaked on day 1 while CRP levels peaked on day 2 after trauma - Both peak PCT and CRP levels were higher in patients who subsequently developed MODS |