Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Author | Country | Inclusion | Exclusion | Age range (years) | Setting | Sample size | Method of measurement | Defined BP centiles | Determinants of age-specified centiles | Measurement used for analysis | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antal et al. [12] | Hungary | Secondary school | Using antihypertensive medication | 15–18 | Community setting | 6345 | Oscill. | P3, P5 | Sex | First measurement | Assessment of age- and gender-specific anthropometric parameters and blood pressure values |
Barba et al. [13] | 8 EU countries | Non-overweight children | Overweight | 2–10.9 | Unspecified | 13,547 | Oscill. | P1, P3 | Sex, height | Mean of first and second measurement | Provide oscillometric blood pressure reference values |
Blake et al. [14] | Australia | Cohort from a tertiary perinatal centre. Follow-up at age 1, 3 and 6 years | x | 1–6 | Unspecified | 2876 | Oscill. | P5 | Sex | Mean of two measurements | To develop age- and gender-specific reference ranges for BP |
Grajda et al. [15] | Poland | Healthy pre-school children | Congenital, chronic or acute disorders and medication affecting growth or BP levels | 3–6 | Community setting | 4378 | Oscill. | P1, P5 | Sex, height | Mean of second and third measurement | To develop age- and gender-specific ranges for BP in pre-school children |
Hediger et al. [16] | USA | Black adolescents | x | 11–17 | Unspecified | 621 | Auscul. | P5 | Sex | Mean of two measurements | Percentiles for black adolescents for resting BP and 60-s pulse rate |
Kent et al. [17] | Australia | Term infants | Congenital anomalies, birth weight < third percentile, sepsis, NICU admission. Maternal hypertension, diabetes, use of illicit substances | 0–1 | Hospital: postnatal clinical, other in a non-clinical room | 406 | Oscill. | P5 | x | Mean of three measurements | Normative BP during first year of life of healthy infants |
Karmar et al. [18] | Sweden | Children, junior school | Physical health problems, medication that affects BP | 6–16 | Community setting | 1470 | Oscill. | P5 | Sex | Mean of second and third measurement | Cross-sectional normative casual BP standards |
Krzyzaniak et al. [19] | Poland | School children | x | 7–18 | Community setting | 6447 | Auscul. | P5 | Sex, height | Mean of two measurements on three different days | To develop age- and gender-specific reference ranges |
Lurbe et al. [20] | Spain | Normotensive children | Systemic and renal disease | 6–16 | Primary care | 248 | Oscill. | P5 | Sex, casual and ambulatory BP | Mean of three measurements and means of daytime measurements | Assess reference values of ambulatory blood pressure |
Rosner et al. [21] | USA | 11 large paediatric blood pressure studies (based on Paediatric Task Force database) [22] | Overweight | 1–17 | Unspecified | 36,914 | Auscul. | P1, P5 | Sex, height | First measurement | Norms for childhood BP among normal-weight children |
Sarganas [23] | Germany | Healthy children and adolescents | Chronic conditions or medication influencing growth or BP. Overweight (BMI > 90th centile) | 3–17 | Community setting | 14,836 | Oscill. | P1, P5 | Sex, height | Mean of two measurements | Fifth percentile of BP according to age, sex and height |
Satoh et al. [24] | Japan | Full-term singleton newborns | Twin newborns, miscellaneous abnormalities, missing Apgar score, condition during BP measurement | 0 | Hospital | 2628 | Oscill. | P5 | Sex | First measurement | Estimate BP and pulse rate in healthy newborns |
Schwandt et al. [25] | Germany | German parents | Metabolic, cardiovascular, endocrine, malignant disorder, specific medication, non-German ethnicity | 3–18 | Community setting | 22,051 | Auscul. | P3, P5 | Sex, overweight and non-overweight | Mean of two measurements | Develop auscultatory BP growth charts |
Weiss et al. [26] | USA | Non-institutionalized children | x | 6–11 | Hospital: one visit | 7119 | Auscul. | P5 | Sex, race | Mean of two measurements | Distribution of BP level 6–11 years |