Table 2 Characteristics of the population
Variable | Control period N = 88 | Treatment period N = 89 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographical data | |||
- Age (years) | 45 [26–58] | 45 [36–58] | 0.452 |
- Male | 70 (77) | 77 (87) | 0.216 |
- BMI (kg/m2) | 24 [20–28] | 25 [22–29] | 0.122 |
Admission | |||
- Polytrauma | 75 (80) | 80 (90) | 0.347 |
- Non traumatic surgery | 13 (15) | 9 (10) | 0.347 |
SAPS 2 | 39 [27–48] | 40 [33–49] | 0.339 |
Characteristics of VAP | |||
- Time of occurrence (days after admission) | 5 [3–8] | 5 [2–7] | 0.234 |
- Ventilator-acquired pneumonia | 75 (85) | 78 (88) | 0.639 |
- Use of vasopressors | 41 (46) | 35 (39) | 0.329 |
- PaO2/FiO2 < 200 | 9 (10) | 7 (8) | 0.584 |
- Bacteremia | 3 (3) | 2 (2) | 0.641 |
Renal function | |||
- CLCR the day of HAP-VAP (ml/min) | 199 [170–240] | 186 [160–223] | 0.013 |
- CLCR the day of microbiological documentation (ml/min) | 191 [164–221] | 174 [147–200] | 0.013 |
Type of initial antimicrobial therapy | |||
- Piperacillin ± tazobactam | 35 (40) | 55 (62) | 0.003 |
- Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime | 16 (18) | 12 (13) | 0.392 |
- Ceftazidime or cefepime | 14 (16) | 3 (3) | 0.005 |
- Amoxicillin ± clavulanic acid | 9 (10) | 13 (15) | 0.377 |
- Cefazolin | 8 (9) | 3 (3) | 0.115 |
- Meropenem | 6 (7) | 3 (3) | 0.297 |
Combined antimicrobial therapy | |||
- Association with aminoglycosides | 33 (38) | 27 (30) | 0.288 |
- Association with quinolones | 6 (7) | 1 (1) | 0.050 |
- Association with Gram-positive antibiotics | 10 (11) | 7 (8) | 0.415 |
Type of pathogen | |||
- Enterobacteriaceae | 47 (53) | 46 (52) | 0.818 |
- Staphylococcus species | 40 (45) | 33 (37) | 0.258 |
- Haemophilus influenzae | 19 (22) | 27 (30) | 0.185 |
- Streptococcus/enterococcus species | 11 (13) | 15 (17) | 0.413 |
- Non-fermenting GNB | 6 (7) | 11 (12) | 0.211 |
- Others | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0.994 |
Polymicrobial infection | 29 (33) | 39 (44) | 0.137 |
De-escalation | 26 (30) | 29 (33) | 0.746 |
Total duration of antimicrobial therapy (days) | 7 [6–8] | 7 [6–7] | 0.026 |
Poor clinical outcome | 20 (23) | 9 (10) | 0.019 |
- Therapeutic failure | 7 (8) | 4 (5) | 0.321 |
- HAP-VAP recurrence | 13 (15) | 5 (6) | 0.039 |
Secondary acquisition of antimicrobial resistances | 4 (5) | 2 (2) | 0.382 |
Reported antibiotic side effects | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.308 |
MV duration (days) | 12 [7–18] | 10 [5–18] | 0.420 |
ICU length of stay (days) | 22 [15–32] | 19 [14–30] | 0.216 |
Death in ICU | 7 (8) | 8 (9) | 0.805 |