Functions and regulation of lipocalin-2 in gut-origin sepsis: a narrative review

Table 1 Modulation and expression of lipocalin-2 during gut-origin sepsis

Inducers		Lcn2	Cell types	References
TLR ligands	Zymosan	↑	Intestinal epithelial cells	[25]
	PGN, LTA	↑	Macrophages	[34]
	Poly I: C	↑	Intestinal epithelial cells Microglia	[35,36,37]
	LPS	↑	Intestinal epithelial cells Hepatocytes Macrophages Blood cells and peritoneal cells	[25, 27,28,29,30, 32, 33, 38]
	Flagellin	↑	Intestinal epithelial cells	[35]
	CpG-DNA	↑	Intestinal epithelial cells	[25]
Cytokines	IL-1β	↑	Intestinal epithelial cells	[38]
	IL-3	↓	Hematopoietic cells	[43]
	IL-6	↑	Hepatocytes Macrophages	[31, 39]
	IL-10	↑	Macrophages	[30, 40, 41]
	IL-17A	↑	Intestinal epithelial cells	[23, 38, 42]
	IL-17+IL-22	↑	Intestinal epithelial cells	[23, 42]
	IL-17+TNF-α	↑	Intestinal epithelial cells	[42]

TLR toll-like receptor, PGN peptidoglycan, LTA lipoteichoic acid, Poly I: C polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, LPS lipopolysaccharide, NF-κB nuclear factor-kappa B, STAT3 signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha

ISSN: 1364-8535