Table 1 Baseline characteristics
Variable | Healthy individuals | Septic patients | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Number of participants (n (%)) | 10 | 30 | – |
Female sex (n (%)) | 5 (50) | 7 (23) | 0.11 |
Age (years, median (IQR)) | 30 (27–34) | 67 (58–80) | < 0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2, median (IQR)) | 23.6 (21.3–26.1) | 25.3 (21.7–28.2) | 0.34 |
Duration of sepsis at study inclusion (days, median (IQR))* | – | 2 (1–5) | – |
SOFA score (median (IQR)) | – | 9 (5–12) | – |
Organ replacement therapy (n (%)) | – | 18 (60) | – |
Mechanical ventilation (n (%)) | – | 17 (56.7) | – |
Acute dialysis (n (%)) | – | 5 (16.7) | – |
Vasopressors (n (%)) | – | 20 (66.7) | – |
Norepinephrine dose (μg/kg/min) | – | 0.05 (0–0.16) | – |
Septic shock (n (%))** | – | 3 (10) | – |
Hospital mortality (n (%)) | – | 10 (33.3) | – |
CCI score (median (IQR)) | – | 1.5 (0.8–2.3) | – |
Comorbidities (n (%)) | |||
 Chronic respiratory disease | – | 8 (26.7) | – |
 Congestive heart failure | – | 16 (53.3) | – |
 Chronic hepatic disease | – | 3 (10) | – |
 Dialysis-dependent CKD | – | 1 (3.3) | – |
 Malignancy | – | 5 (16.7) | – |
 Diabetes mellitus | – | 5 (16.7) | – |
Focus of infection (n (%)) | |||
 Respiratory tract | – | 17 (56.7) | – |
 Prosthesis | – | 4 (13.3) | – |
 Gastrointestinal tract | – | 3 (10) | – |
 Unknown | – | 2 (6.7) | – |
 Skin | – | 2 (6.7) | – |
 Urinary tract | – | 1 (3.3) | – |
 Heart | – | 1 (3.3) | – |
Endothelial glycocalyx (median (IQR)) | |||
 PBR 5–25 (μm) | 2.04 (1.97–2.10) | 2.34 (2.21–2.46) | < 0.0001 |
 Syndecan-1 (ng/ml) | 21.3 (13.2–56.7) | 204.5 (114.2–358.9) | < 0.0001 |
Microcirculation data (median (IQR)) | |||
 TVD (mm/mm2) | 18.88 (17.56–21.68) | 19.17 (17.06–20.24) | 0.87 |
 PVD (mm/mm2) | 18.54 (17.19–21.26) | 16.97 (14.96–19.87) | 0.08 |
 PPV (%) | 98.73 (96.55–99.80) | 92.58 (85.63–97.14) | 0.0004 |
 MFI (points) | 2.93 (2.89–2.96) | 2.74 (2.58–2.91) | 0.002 |
 HI (%) | 0.04 (0.01–0.06) | 0.08 (0.03–0.16) | 0.04 |
Macrocirculation data (median (IQR)) | |||
 MAP (mmHg) | 94.2 (85.4–102.4) | 73.0 (67.5–84.6) | 0.0001 |
 Heart rate (pulse/min) | 73 (65–83) | 91 (81–101) | 0.0004 |
 Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 14 (13–15) | 20 (17–26) | < 0.0001 |
 Temperature (°C) | 36.6 (36.5–36.8) | 37 (36.4–37.7) | 0.12 |
Laboratory data (median (IQR)) | |||
 CRP (mg/dl) | 0.5 | 23.2 (16.9–33.3) | < 0.0001 |
 IL-6 (ng/ml) | 2.0 (2.0–2.5) | 367.0 (96.0–1121.0) | < 0.0001 |
 PCT (ng/ml) | 0.04 (0.03–0.05) | 9.08 (1.24–48.23) | < 0.0001 |
 pH | – | 7.42 (7.36–7.48) | – |
 Lactate (mmol/l) | 0.90 (0.65–1.20) | 1.70 (0.98–2.00) | 0.001 |
 Albumin (g/dl) | 4.8 (4.5–5.0) | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Total serum protein (g/dl) | 7.1 (6.8–7.5) | 5.5 (5.1–6.0) | < 0.0001 |