Table 1 Patients’ characteristics and laboratory data on admission in the unmatched (a) and matched groups (b)

(a)

C group (n = 132)

NC group (n = 207)

P value

Age, years (IQR)

70.5 (60–78)

71 (61–78)

0.38

Male, n (%)

70 (54.4)

124 (58.8)

0.32

Site of infection, n (%)

< 0.01

 Central nervous system

1 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

0.39

 Thoracic, pneumonia

14 (10.6)

54 (26.1)

< 0.01

 Abdominal

82 (62.1)

95 (45.9)

< 0.01

 Neck

12 (9.1)

1 (0.5)

< 0.01

 Soft tissue

8 (6.1)

10 (4.8)

0.62

 Urinary tract

2 (1.5)

17 (8.2)

0.01

 CRBSI

0 (0.0)

4 (1.9)

0.16

 Others

13 (9.9)

26 (12.6)

0.37

 Aminoglycoside

1 (0.8)

3 (1.5)

1.00

 Vancomycin

42 (31.8)

60 (29.0)

0.58

 Ischemic heart disease

17 (12.9)

21 (10.1)

0.46

 Chronic kidney disease

17 (12.9)

39 (18.8)

0.15

 Premorbid Cr (mg/dL) (IQR)

0.85 (0.561–0.97), n = 60

0.8 (0.51–1.08), n = 128

0.12

 eGFR < 30 (%)

3 (5.0)

20 (15.6)

0.05

 Diabetes mellitus

35 (26.5)

63 (30.4)

0.44

 Immunosuppressants

28 (21.2)

72 (34.8)

0.01

 APACHE II score (IQR)

24 (18–30)

26 (20–32)

0.17

 SOFA score (IQR)

8 (6–10.8)

9 (6–11)

0.14

 SOFA (non-renal SOFA)

7 (5–9)

7 (5–9)

0.89

 SOFA (renal SOFA)

1 (0–1)

1 (1–2)

< 0.01

 DIC, n (%)

69 (53.5)

12 (60.81)

0.19

 Septic shock, n (%)

72 (54.6)

104 (50.2)

0.44

AKI stage on admission, n (%)

< 0.01

 Stage 1

63 (47.7)

55 (26.6)

 Stage 2

37 (28.0)

49 (23.7)

 Stage 3

32 (24.2)

103 (49.8)

 WBC (10⁹ cells/L) (IQR)

10.4 (4.8–16.6)

9.5 (4.8–14.9)

0.17

 Hb (g/dL) (IQR)

10.5 (9.1–12.4)

9.8 (8.4–11.5)

< 0.01

 Platelet (10⁴ cells/μL) (IQR)

14.1 (8.6–20.4)

12.7 (7.4–18.4)

0.67

 AT III (%) (IQR)

51.5 (38.9–62.4)

52.1 (41.9–63.2)

0.46

 Protein C (%) (IQR)

45.0 (33.2–66.5)

47.1 (34.7–60.2)

0.74

 Albumin (mg/dL) (IQR)

2.3 (2–2.8)

2.3 (1.9–2.8)

0.14

 Bilirubin (mg/dL) (IQR)

1.12 (0.63–1.89)

0.81 (0.58–1.46)

0.52

 PCT (ng/mL) (IQR)

11.4 (2.0–63.7)

13.5 (3.3–63.9)

0.77

 CRP (mg/dL) (IQR)

13.4 (6.8–24.4)

15.4 (8.1–25.0)

0.51

 Cr (mg/dL) (IQR)

1.38 (1.01–1.96)

1.91 (1.33–2.98)

< 0.01

 BUN (mg/dL) (IQR)

31.0 (21.3–41.8)

44.0 (28.0–65.0)

< 0.01

 UA (mg/dL) (IQR)

5.4 (4.3–6.9)

6.4 (5.1–8.5)

< 0.01

 Cystatin C (mg/L) (IQR)

1.58 (1.21–2.12)

2.01 (1.46–2.84)

0.01

 BNP (pg/mL) (IQR)

172.5 (72.3–546.1)

208.3 (65.4–538.5)

0.68

 Lactate (mmol/L) (IQR)

2.6 (1.5–4.6)

2.4 (1.5–4.1)

0.20

(b)

C group (n = 100)

NC group (n = 100)

P value

 Age, years (IQR)

70.5 (61–79.8)

71 (60–79)

0.95

 Male, n (%)

52 (52.0)

57 (57.0)

0.48

Site of infection, n (%)

0.86

 Central nervous system

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

 Thoracic, pneumonia

13 (13.0)

12 (12.0)

0.83

 Abdominal

66 (66.0)

70 (70.0)

0.54

 Neck

1 (1.0)

1 (1.0)

1.00

 Soft tissue

8 (8.0)

7 (7.0)

0.79

 Urinary tract

2 (2.0)

4 (4.0)

0.68

 CRBSI

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 Others

10 (10.0)

7 (7.0)

0.45

 Aminoglycoside

1 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

0.32

 Vancomycin

33 (33.0)

32 (32.0)

0.88

 Ischemic heart disease

14 (14.0)

9 (9.0)

0.27

 Chronic kidney disease

14 (14.0)

14 (14.0)

1.00

 Premorbid Cr (mg/dL) (IQR)

0.85 (0.62–0.96), n = 50

0.76 (0.57–0.92), n = 48

0.20

 eGFR < 30 (%)

1 (2.0)

1 (2.1)

0.98

 Diabetes mellitus

26 (26.0)

28 (28.0)

0.75

 Immunosuppressants

25 (25.0)

22 (22.0)

0.62

 APACHE II score (IQR)

24 (19–30)

23 (18–29)

0.20

 SOFA score (IQR)

8 (6–11)

8 (5.3–10)

0.97

 SOFA (non-renal SOFA)

7 (5–9.8)

7 (4–9)

0.84

 SOFA (renal SOFA)

1 (0–2)

1 (1–2)

0.60

 DIC, n (%)

55 (55.0)

57 (57.0)

0.90

 Septic shock, n (%)

54 (54.0)

59 (59.0)

0.48

AKI stage on admission, n (%)

0.20

 Stage 1

44 (44.0)

32 (32.0)

 Stage 2

26 (26.0)

29 (29.0)

 Stage 3

30 (30.0)

39 (39.0)

 WBC (10⁹cells/L) (IQR)

10.9 (4.4–15.5)

8.7 (4.8–14.8)

0.18

 Hb (g/dL) (IQR)

10.4 (9.0–12.0)

10.9 (9.2–12.0)

0.36

 Platelet (10⁴cells/μL) (IQR)

13.0 (7.4–20.6)

12.8 (7.7–17.8)

0.74

 AT (%) (IQR)

50.1 (37.8–60.1)

49.1 (39.2–61.1)

0.82

 Protein C (%) (IQR)

44.5 (29.9–61.6)

43.2 (32.3–56.8)

0.66

 Albumin (mg/dL) (IQR)

2.3 (2.0–2.8)

2.5 (1.9–2.9)

0.99

 Bilirubin (mg/dL) (IQR)

1.04 (0.62–1.86)

0.91 (0.66–1.61)

0.78

 PCT (ng/mL) (IQR)

13.1 (2.2–76.7)

25.5 (5.3–86.9)

0.57

 CRP (mg/dL) (IQR)

13.0 (7.2–24.4)

14.4 (8.0–25.0)

0.63

 Cr (mg/dL) (IQR)

1.47 (1.03–2.20)

1.63 (1.20–2.32)

0.90

 BUN (mg/dL) (IQR)

33.5 (24.3–43.8)

38.0 (25–51.0)

0.61

 UA (mg/dL) (IQR)

5.7 (4.4–7.0)

6.1 (4.8–7.3)

0.75

 Cystatin C (mg/L) (IQR)

1.68 (1.28–2.27)

1.62 (1.23–2.13)

0.14

 BNP (pg/mL) (IQR)

184 (73.2–559)

144.9 (55.6–427.7)

0.06

 Lactate (mmol/L) (IQR)

2.4 (1.5–4.9)

2.6 (1.7–4.1)

0.49