Table 1 Comparisons of the baseline characteristics between patients with and without diuretic use
Variables | All patients (n = 7828) | No diuretic use (n = 6359) | Diuretic use (n = 1469) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 67.0 ± 14.2 | 66.5 ± 14.5 | 70.0 ± 12.3 | < 0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 4588 (58.6) | 3749 (58.9) | 839 (57.1) | 0.196 |
Weight (kg) | 82.3 ± 22.6 | 81.7 ± 22.3 | 84.9 ± 24.0 | < 0.001 |
Emergency, n (%) | 6072 (77.5) | 5075 (79.8) | 998 (67.9) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 2390 (30.5) | 1850 (29.1) | 540 (36.7) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 3831 (48.9) | 3025 (47.5) | 806 (54.8) | < 0.001 |
Cardiac disease | 3431 (43.8) | 2603 (41.2) | 848 (57.7) | < 0.001 |
Acute or chronic heart failure | 2986 (38.1) | 2329 (36.6) | 657 (44.7) | < 0.001 |
Intracranial hemorrhage | 273 (3.5) | 249 (3.9) | 24 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
Fluid balance | ||||
Fluid intake (ml/kg/48 h) | 110.3 ± 73.9 | 113.8 ± 77.1 | 95.5 ± 55.6 | < 0.001 |
Urine output (ml/kg/48 h) | 49.0 ± 36.6 | 48.5 ± 38.2 | 51.2 ± 28.4 | 0.009 |
Fluid balance (ml/kg/48 h) | 45.1 ± 76.7 | 49.9 ± 79.7 | 24.2 ± 57.9 | < 0.001 |
MAP after ICU admission | ||||
MAP on ICU admission (mmHg) | 77.4 ± 17.3 | 77.7 ± 17.6 | 76.2 ± 15.8 | 0.002 |
Mean MAP (mmHg) | 74.3 ± 8.1 | 74.6 ± 8.2 | 73.0 ± 7.1 | < 0.001 |
Maximum MAP (mmHg) | 115.6 ± 40.1 | 115.9 ± 38.7 | 114.4 ± 45.5 | 0.19 |
Minimum MAP (mmHg) | 48.2 ± 14.7 | 48.3 ± 14.5 | 47.7 ± 15.3 | 0.139 |
Disease severity scores, median (IQR) | ||||
SOFA score on ICU admission | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–9) | 0.0122 |
Maximum SOFA score during ICU stay | 10 (8–13) | 10 (8–13) | 11 (8–13) | 0.2377 |
SAPS II on ICU admission | 41 (32–52) | 41 (32–52) | 41 (34–51) | 0.0151 |
GCS score on ICU admission | 7 (3–14) | 8 (3–14) | 4 (3–11) | < 0.001 |
Maximum GCS score during ICU stay | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 0.001 |
Biochemical indices | ||||
Maximum serum creatinine level (mg/dl) | 1.87 ± 1.75 | 1.88 ± 1.81 | 1.83 ± 1.45 | 0.254 |
Maximum white blood cell count (109/l) | 18.5 ± 11.5 | 18.7 ± 11.8 | 17.5 ± 9.9 | < 0.001 |
Maximum serum lactate level (mmol/l) | 3.7 ± 3.2 (n = 6168) | 3.7 ± 3.4 (n = 4799) | 3.5 ± 2.7 (n = 1369) | 0.004 |
Oxygenation indexes | ||||
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 6646 (84.9) | 5323 (83.7) | 1323 (90.0) | < 0.001 |
Duration of mechanical ventilation (h) | 98.2 ± 175.8 | 102.9 ± 181.8 | 77.8 ± 145.7 | < 0.001 |
PO2/FiO2 at ICU admission | 258.0 ± 137.3 | 264.1 ± 140.2 | 232.6 ± 212.3 | < 0.001 |
Minimum PO2/FiO2 during ICU stay | 156.2 ± 103.5 | 154.8 ± 104.5 | 161.8 ± 99.0 | 0.029 |
Clinical outcomes | ||||
Hyponatremia, n (%)* | 3100 (39.6) | 2433 (38.2) | 667 (45.4) | < 0.001 |
Hypokalemia, n (%)* | 2981 (38.1) | 2475 (38.9) | 506 (34.4) | 0.001 |
Hypocalcemia, n (%)* | 5569 (71.1) | 4608 (72.4) | 961 (65.4) | < 0.001 |
ICU LOS (days) | 7.5 ± 8.5 | 7.7 ± 8.7 | 6.7 ± 7.4 | < 0.001 |
Hospital LOS (days) | 13.7 ± 12.1 | 13.9 ± 12.6 | 12.5 ± 10.0 | < 0.001 |
AKI, n (%) | 2358 (30.1) | 1848 (29.1) | 510 (34.7) | < 0.001 |
AKI stage 3, n (%) | 1108 (14.1) | 917 (14.4) | 191 (13.0) | 0.160 |
Dialysis, n (%) | 680 (8.7) | 561 (8.8) | 119 (8.1) | 0.376 |
Hospital mortality, n (%) | 1337 (17.1) | 1171 (18.4) | 166 (11.3) | < 0.001 |