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Table 2 Serial changes in fecal microbiota in the Synbiotics and No-Synbiotics groups

From: Synbiotics modulate gut microbiota and reduce enteritis and ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with sepsis: a randomized controlled trial

 

Initial

1 week

2 weeks

p value

No-Synbiotics

Synbiotics

No-Synbiotics

Synbiotics

No-Synbiotics

Synbiotics

Group

Week

Group×week

Total bacteria

8.1 ± 0.4

6.8 ± 0.4

7.7 ± 0.4

8.9 ± 0.4

8.3 ± 0.4

8.6 ± 0.4

0.190

< 0.05

< 0.05

Clostridium coccoides group

5.1 ± 1.0

4.4 ± 1.0

3.0 ± 1.0

5.5 ± 1.0

5.6 ± 1.1

6.0 ± 1.1

0.946

0.182

0.301

Clostridium leptum subgroup

6.7 ± 1.0

4.9 ± 1.0

5.5 ± 1.0

6.3 ± 1.0

5.8 ± 1.0

6.0 ± 1.1

0.282

0.727

0.136

Bacteroides fragilis group

5.6 ± 1.1

4.5 ± 1.1

4.8 ± 1.1

4.4 ± 1.1

7.3 ± 1.2

5.9 ± 1.2

0.425

0.086

0.992

Bifidobacterium

5.6 ± 1.0

4.1 ± 1.0

3.1 ± 1.0

6.2 ± 1.0

3 ± 1.1

6.8 ± 1.1

0.358

0.933

< 0.05

Atopobium cluster

6.4 ± 0.9

4.7 ± 0.9

5.2 ± 0.9

5.9 ± 0.9

4.8 ± 1.0

5.8 ± 1.0

0.133

0.897

< 0.05

Prevotella

1.9 ± 0.8

4.1 ± 0.9

0.9 ± 0.9

2.3 ± 0.9

1.3 ± 0.9

1.7 ± 0.9

0.092

0.061

0.299

Clostridium perfringens

1.9 ± 0.4

1.9 ± 0.5

2.1 ± 0.4

1.5 ± 0.5

1.7 ± 0.5

1.5 ± 0.5

0.790

0.272

0.660

Total Lactobacillus

4.5 ± 0.6

3.7 ± 0.6

4.1 ± 0.6

6.2 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.7

6.3 ± 0.7a

0.689

0.069

< 0.05

 L. gasseri subgroup

3.5 ± 0.5

3.0 ± 0.6

2.5 ± 0.6

4 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.6

0.781

0.791

0.060

 L. brevis

1.4 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

–

–

–

 L. casei subgroup

2.9 ± 0.5

2.7 ± 0.5

2.7 ± 0.5

5.6 ± 0.5a

2.7 ± 0.5

5.5 ± 0.6a

0.631

< 0.05

< 0.05

 L. fermentum

3.7 ± 0.6

2.5 ± 0.6

3.3 ± 0.6

3.1 ± 0.6

3.1 ± 0.6

3.6 ± 0.6

0.081

0.505

0.071

 L. plantarum subgroup

1.4 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2

1.5 ± 0.2

1.4 ± 0.2

1.3 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2

–

–

–

 L. reuteri subgroup

3.2 ± 0.6

1.9 ± 0.6

2.9 ± 0.6

3.0 ± 0.6

3.0 ± 0.7

3.2 ± 0.7

0.169

0.315

0.170

 L. ruminis subgroup

2.7 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 0.7

2.9 ± 0.7

2.9 ± 0.7

2.6 ± 0.7

3.0 ± 0.7

0.742

0.597

0.441

 L. sakei subgroup

1.2 ± 0.2

1.5 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.3

2.4 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.3

0.100

0.888

0.818

Enterobacteriaceae

5.1 ± 0.7

4.8 ± 0.7

4.9 ± 0.7

4.5 ± 0.7

5.7 ± 0.8

5.3 ± 0.8

0.751

0.411

0.922

Enterococcus

4.4 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.7

5.3 ± 0.7

7.3 ± 0.7

6.5 ± 0.7

6.1 ± 0.7

0.751

< 0.05

0.886

Staphylococcus

3.4 ± 0.6

3.0 ± 0.6

4.2 ± 0.6

4.7 ± 0.6

3.3 ± 0.6

3.7 ± 0.7

0.832

0.546

0.466

Pseudomonas

1.5 ± 0.5

1.5 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.6

2.5 ± 0.6

3.9 ± 0.6

2.2 ± 0.6

0.464

< 0.05

0.089

Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota

3.1 ± 0.3

3.4 ± 0.5

2.9 ± 0.3

4.3 ± 0.5

2.5 ± 0.3

4.8 ± 0.6a

0.531

0.359

< 0.05

Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult

3.3 ± 0.3

2.9 ± 0.6

2.5 ± 0.3

4.9 ± 0.6†

2.5 ± 0.3

4.8 ± 0.6a

0.894

0.253

< 0.05

  1. Values are mean ± SE (log10 cells/g of feces)
  2. p value by linear mixed-effects model
  3. aStatistical significance between groups determined with Bonferroni’s correction
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