Antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients

Table 1 Mechanism of action of antiepileptic drugs [113]

Antiepileptic drug agent	Presumed mechanism of action
Brivaracetam	SV2A modulation
Carbamazepine	Na⁺ channel blockade
Clobazam	GABA potentiation
Clonazapam	GABA potentiation
Diazepam	GABA potentiation
Fosphenytoin/phenytoin	Na⁺ channel blockade
Lacosamide	Enhanced slow inactivation of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels
Lamotrigine	Na⁺ channel blockade
Levetiracetam	SV2A modulation
Lorazepam	GABA potentiation
Midazolam	GABA potentiation
Oxcarbazepine	Na⁺ channel blockade
Pentobarbital	GABA potentiation
Perampanel	AMPA glutamate receptor antagonist
Phenobarbital	GABA potentiation
Topiramate	Na⁺ channel blockade, GABA potentiation, AMPA/Kainate glutamate antagonist
Valproic acid	GABA potentiation, glutamate (NMDA) inhibition, sodium channel and T-type calcium channel blockade
Zonisamide	Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ channel blockade

AMPA, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid, GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid, NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate, SV2A synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A

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