Table 1 Derivation and validation cohort characteristics
Derivation | Validation | Comparison | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SH (n = 672) | No SH (n = 3003) | SH (n = 415) | No SH (n = 2584) | SH p | No SH p | |
Demography and outcome | ||||||
Age (years) | 42 ± 19 | 37 ± 16 | 44 ± 19 | 38 ± 17 | ns | ns |
Male (%) | 465 (69%) | 2340 (78%) | 312 (75%) | 2017 (78%) | 0.040 | ns |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 5 | 24.7 ± 4.3 | 25.2 ± 4.4 | 24.8 ± 4.7 | ns | ns |
SAPS II | 45 ± 22 | 21 ± 15 | 46 ± 23 | 21 ± 15 | ns | ns |
ICU LOS | 18 ± 23 | 8 ± 15 | 14 ± 19 | 7 ± 15 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Hospital mortality | 163 (25%) | 137 (5%) | 93 (23%) | 110 (4%) | ns | ns |
Predicted mortality by TRISSa (%) | 27 | 6 | 27 | 6 | ||
Mechanism of injury (all blunt) | ||||||
MVA | 133 (20%) | 765 (26%) | 97 (23%) | 617 (24%) | ||
Motorbike | 151 (23%) | 905 (30%) | 95 (23%) | 861 (33%) | ||
Pedestrian and bicycle | 109 (16%) | 381 (13%) | 47 (11%) | 343 (13%) | ns | ns |
Fall | 243 (36%) | 792 (26%) | 144 (35%) | 621 (24%) | ||
Miscellaneous | 36 (5%) | 150 (5%) | 32 (8%) | 142 (6%) | ||
Severity of injuries | ||||||
ISS | 30 (18–38) | 12 (5–20) | 27 (14–41) | 12 (5–21) | ns | ns |
Head and neck AIS | 2 (0–4) | 0 (0–3) | 1 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) | ns | ns |
Thorax AIS | 3 (0–3) | 0 (0–3) | 3 (0–4) | 0 (0–3) | ns | ns |
Abdomen AIS | 2 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) | 2 (0–3) | 0 (0–2) | ns | ns |
Extremities pelvis AIS | 3 (2–3) | 2 (0–2) | 3 (1–4) | 0 (0–3) | ns | 0.001 |
At admission | ||||||
Total pre-hospital time (min) | 85 ± 39 | 80 ± 37 | 80 ± 37 | 77 ± 34 | 0.010 | ns |
SBP (mmHg) | 102 ± 34 | 129 ± 23 | 107 ± 35 | 130 ± 24 | ns | ns |
DBP (mmHg) | 62 ± 23 | 76 ± 16 | 65 ± 24 | 79 ± 17 | ns | 0.001 |
Haemoglobin (g/dl) | 10.2 ± 2.6 | 13.4 ± 1.7 | 10.7 ± 2.7 | 13.5 ± 1.7 | 0.010 | ns |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 3.4 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 4.9 ± 3.4 | 2 ± 0.9 | ns | 0.002 |
Prothrombin time (%) | 57 ± 22 | 83 ± 15 | 61 ± 23 | 84 ± 15 | 0.010 | ns |
Surgery day 1 | 562 (84%) | 1867 (62%) | 305 (74%) | 1235 (48%) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Angio-embolization day 1 | 111 (17%) | 67 (2%) | 88 (21%) | 86 (3%) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
SH characteristics | ||||||
Immediate surgery | 123 (16%) | – | 88 (21%) | – | ns | – |
Transfusion in trauma room | 425 (63%) | – | 245 (59%) | – | ns | – |
Lactates > 5 mmol/L | 323 (51%) | – | 194 (52%) | – | ns | – |
≥ 4 RBCs in first 6 h | 385 (57%) | – | 204 (49%) | – | 0.010 | – |