Table 3 Practical recommendations to improve inhaled drug deposition with nebulizers

Using vibrating-mesh nebulizers with minimal drug retention and no risk of protein denaturation as observed with ultrasonic nebulizers [18, 27, 28, 34, 41]

Promoting inspiratory synchronized nebulizers [27, 28, 31, 35]

Combining an inhalation chamber with constant-output nebulizers (to be confirmed in further studies) [22]

Generating aerosol particles in a dry circuit^a [31]

Controlling the breathing pattern (high T_insp/T_TOT ^a, low inspiratory flow) in volume control mode [18]

Using a helium-oxygen mixture as inhaled gas [48]