Table 1 Demographic and perioperative clinical data

 Age (years)

55.1 ± 15.7

53.9 ± 14.1

0.738

 Sex (male:female)

27:8

21:14

0.122

 Body mass index (kg/m²)

21.6 ± 3.6

22.0 ± 3.3

0.613

 Hypertension

10

10

>0.999

 Diabetes mellitus

6

4

0.495

 Congestive heart failure

1

0

0.314

 Chronic kidney disease (SCr >1.4 mg/dl)

7

8

0.771

 MI within 1 month

0

0

 Cerebrovascular disease

5

3

0.452

 COPD

0

0

 Repeat surgery

4

6

0.495

 Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)

63.9 ± 8.5

65.9 ± 7.4

0.312

 EuroSCORE

4 (2, 9)

5 (3, 8)

0.449

 Cleveland Clinic score^a

2 (1, 3)

2 (1, 2)

0.360

 Vancomycin or aminoglycoside

27

29

0.550

 Contrast use 48 h prior to surgery

19

14

0.231

 Hemoglobin below 10 g/dl

14

8

0.122

 Platelets below 100,000/μl /150,000/μl

3/ 11

1/ 3

0.303/0.017

 Embolic events

8

13

0.192

 Prosthetic valve infection

4

6

0.495

 Active infection^b/emergency^c

27/ 4

29/ 4

0.555/>0.999

 ACEi/ARB

8

8

>0.999

 β-blockers

7

8

0.771

 Calcium channel blockers

3

4

0.690

 Diuretics

12

14

0.621

 Antiplatelet drugs

5

0

0.020

Operation

 Aortic valve replacement

11

7

0.274

 Mitral valve replacement

17

19

0.632

 Double valve operation

4

2

0.393

 Tricuspid annuloplasty

2

3

0.643

 Valve + aorta

1

4

0.164