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Table 2 Multivariate analysis of risk factors for acute kidney injury, mortality and unfavourable neurological outcome in resuscitated, comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients

From: Urine biomarkers give early prediction of acute kidney injury and outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

 

Covariates

Levels

Adjusted OR (95 % CI)

p value*

AuROC (95 % CI) with biomarker

AuROC (95 % CI) without biomarker

p value**

Risk factors for acute kidney injurya

 Model I

Witnessed CAc

No/yes

2.27 (0.85–6.07)

0.104

0.747 (0.667-0.817)

0.719 (0.649-0.790)

0.084

 (n = 195)

SOFA score day 0

≥/<10

3.08 (1.46–6.48)

0.003

   

Urea day 0

≥/<6.7 mmol/L

2.63 (1.40–4.95)

0.003

   

Admission cystatin C

≥/<291/ng/mL

2.42 (2.29–4.54)

0.006

   

 Model II

Witnessed CAc

No/yes

2.15 (0.80–5.77)

0.128

0.752 (0.682-0.821)

0.719 (0.649-0.790

0.046

 (n = 195)

SOFA score day 0

≥/<10

2.94 (1.39–6.21)

0.005

   

Urea day 0

≥/<6.7 mmol/L

2.63 (1.40–4.95)

0.003

   

Admission NGAL

≥/<219 ng/mL

2.59 (1.37–4.89)

0.004

   

 Model III

SOFA score day 0

≥/<10

2.76 (1.25–6.10)

0.012

0.725 (0.644-0.806)

  

 (n = 164)

Urea day 0

≥/<6.7 mmol/L

1.98 (1.00–3.93)

0.049

   

Cystatin C day 3

≥/<59 ng/mL

2.87 (1.45–5.70)

0.003

   

 Model IV

SOFA score day 0

≥/<10

2.83 (1.24–6.50)

0.014

0.774 (0.700-0.848)

  

 (n = 164)

Urea day 0

≥/<6.7 mmol/L

2.82 (1.12–4.66)

0.024

   

NGAL day 3

≥/<110 ng/mL

5.46 (2.65–11.24)

<0.001

   

Risk factors for mortalitya

 Model V

Initial VT/VFc

No/yes

4.70 (2.27–9.74)

<0.001

0.811 (0.751-0.872)

0.790 (0.727-0.852)

0.141

 (n = 195)

AKI within 3 days

Yes/no

2.83 (1.40–5.69)

0.004

   

SOFA sore day 0

≥/<10

3.40 (1.47–7.88)

0.004

   

Admission cystatin C

≥/<291 ng/mL

2.88 (1.44–5.77)

0.003

   

 Model VI

Initial VT/VFc

No/yes

4.11 (1.99–8.53)

<0.001

0.812 (0.751-0.873)

0.790 (0.727-0.852)

0.131

 (n = 195)

AKI within 3 days

Yes/no

2.86 (1.43–5.74)

0.003

   

SOFA sore day 0

≥/<10

3.28 (1.43–7.50)

0.005

   

Admission NGAL

≥/<219 ng/mL

2.87 (1.44–5.72)

0.003

   

 Model VII

Initial VT/VFc

No/yes

3.13 (1.45–6.72)

0.004

0.784 (0.713-0.854)

  

 (n = 164)

AKI within 3 days

Yes/no

2.44 (1.16–5.13)

0.019

   

SOFA sore day 0

≥/<10

2.67 (1.14–6.23)

0.024

   

Cystatin C day 3

≥/<59 ng/mL

2.45 (1.17–5.13)

0.018

   

 Model VIII

Initial VT/VFc

No/yes

3.12 (1.45–6.69)

0.004

0.785 (0.713-0.857)

  

 (n = 164)

AKI within 3 days

Yes/no

2.06 (0.95–4.47)

0.069

   

SOFA score day 0

≥/<10

2.88 (1.22–6.84)

0.016

   

NGAL day 3

≥/<110 ng/mL

2.85 (1.32–6.14)

0.008

   

Risk factors for unfavourable neurological outcomea

 Model IX

Initial VT/VFc

No/yes

5.07 (2.40–10.74)

<0.001

0.819 (0.759-0.878)

0.810 (0.750-0.870)

0.264

 (n = 195)

AKI within 3 days

Yes/no

2.67 (1.32–5.40)

0.006

   

BE day 0

</≥–7 mmol/L

2.07 (1.00–4.26)

0.050

   

SOFA score day 0

≥/<10

2.45 (1.08–5.57)

0.032

   

Admission cystatin C

≥/<291 ng/mL

2.06 (1.00–4.25)

0.050

   

 Model Xb

Initial VT/VFc

No/yes

4.92 (2.35–10.38)

<0.001

 

0.810 (0.750-0.871)

 

 (n = 195)

AKI within 3 days

Yes/no

3.03 (1.52–6.02)

0.002

   

BE day 0

</≥–7 mmol/L

2.56 (1.29–5.09)

0.007

   

SOFA score day 0

≥/<10

2.48 (1.11–5.54)

0.027

   

 Model XI

Initial VT/VFc

No/yes

3.42 (1.58–7.39)

0.002

0.778 (0.707-0.849)

  

 (n = 164)

AKI within 3 days

Yes/no

2.45 (1.17–5.12)

0.017

   

BE day 0

</≥–7 mmol/L

2.53 (1.24–5.18)

0.011

   

Cystatin C day 3

≥/<59 ng/mL

2.25 (1.09–4.65)

0.029

   

 Model XII

Initial VT/VFc

No/yes

3.77 (1.69–8.38)

0.001

0.797 (0.729-0.866)

  

 (n = 164)

Fluid balance day 0

≥/<4.45 L/day

2.12 (1.05–4.66)

0.037

   

Urea day 0

≥/<6.7 mmol/L

2.13 (1.03–4.43)

0.043

   

BE day 0

</≥–7 mmol/L

2.21 (1.06–4.62)

0.035

   

NGAL day 3

≥/<110 ng/mL

3.41 (1.65–7.06)

0.001

   
  1. aTIMP-2 × IGFBP7 had p values above 0.05 for predicting acute kidney injury, mortality, and unfavorable neurological outcome at all time points
  2. bNGAL at day 0 had a p value above 0.05 for predicting poor neurological outcome
  3. cData from some patients are missing
  4. Data are from multivariate logistic regression analysis
  5. *p values for the adjusted odds ratio; **p values from comparing the AuROC with and without biomarkers
  6. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, AuROC area under the curve in receiver operating characteristics analysis, CA cardiac arrest, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, VF/VT ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia, AKI acute kidney injury, BE base excess