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Table 1 Univariate analysis of risk factors for acute kidney injury in resuscitated, comatose out-of- hospital cardiac arrest patients

From: Urine biomarkers give early prediction of acute kidney injury and outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

 

Without AKI

(n = 107)

With AKI

(n = 88)

Risk factor for AKI

Crude OR (95 % CI) for AKI

p value

Baseline data

 Age, years

60.0 ± 13.7

60.2 ± 13.4

Age ≥60 years

0.90 (0.51–1.58)

0.710

 Weight, kga (n = 166)

80.0 (75.0–90.0)

85.0 (80.0–94.5)

Weight ≥85 kg

1.73 (0.93–3.20)

0.083

 Male sex

92 (86.0)

73 (83.0)

Female sex

1.26 (0.58–2.75)

0.560

 Witnessed CAa (n = 194)

98 (92.5)

71 (80.7)

Unwitnessed CA

2.93 (1.20–7.17)

0.015

 Bystander CPR

96 (89.7)

75 (85.2)

Not bystander CPR

1.51 (0.64–3.57)

0.342

 ROSC time, mina (n = 158)

22.0 (15.0–29.0)

30.0 (20.0–42.5)

Time to ROSC ≥25 min

2.16 (1.13–4.11)

0.018

 Initial VF/VTa (n = 193)

76 (71.0)

52 (59.1)

Not initial VF/VT

1.71 (0.93–3.11)

0.081

 SAPS II, score

68.2 ± 10.1

73.1 ± 10.3

SAPS II score ≥69

1.92 (1.08–3.42)

0.026

Admission day

 Diuresis, L/day

2.26 (1.82–3.28)

1.81 (1.43–2.45)

Diuresis <1.93 L/day

3.69 (2.04–6.70)

<0.001

 Fluid balance, L/day

4.01 (2.79–5.77)

4.74 (3.50–6.30)

Fluid balance ≥4.45 L/day

1.49 (0.84–2.62)

0.169

 S-Creatinine, μmol/L

94.0 (81.3–105.0)

107.0 (94.0–140.0)

S-Creatinine ≥101 μmol/L

5.18 (2.80–9.59)

<0.001

 S-Urea; mmol/L

6.3 (5.2–7.5)

7.3 (5.8–9.6)

S-Urea ≥6.7 mmol/L

2.74 (1.53–4.91)

0.001

 B-HCO3 –, mmol/L

20.7 (18.3–22.8)

18.9 (16.4–21.2)

B-HCO3 – <19.0 mmol/L

1.95 (1.08–3.52)

0.025

 B-BE, mmol/L

–5.6 (–9.1 to –3.6)

–8.9 (–12.4 to –6.1)

B-BE < –7.0 mmol/L

2.68 (1.50–4.80)

0.001

 B-Lactate, mmol/L

3.0 (1.7–6.5)

5.2 (2.9–9.3)

B-Lactate ≥4.1 mmol/L

1.92 (1.08–3.39)

0.025

 SOFA, score

10.0 (9.0–11.0)

11.0 (10.0–12.0)

SOFA score ≥10

3.73 (1.84–7.55)

<0.001

Urine biomarkers (n = 195 at admission and n = 164 at day 3)

 Admission cystatin C, ng/mL

160 (59–440)

639 (155–1871)

Admission cystatin C ≥291 ng/mL

3.08 (1.71–5.54)

<0.001

 Day 3 cystatin C, ng/mLa

45 (17–109)

182 (32–929)

Day 3 cystatin C ≥59 ng/mL

3.36 (1.74–6.50)

<0.001

 Admission NGAL, ng/mL

106 (37–427)

439 (98–1286)

Admission NGAL ≥219 ng/mL

3.41 (1.88–6.16)

<0.001

 Day 3 NGAL, ng/mLa

63 (26–145)

287 (109–903)

Day 3 NGAL ≥110 ng/mL

5.65 (2.81–11.30)

<0.001

 Admission TIMP-2 × IGFBP7

0.25 (0.04–0.85)

0.65 (0.14–2.26)

Admission TIMP-2 × IGFBP7 ≥ 0.36

2.09 (1.18–3.70)

0.012

 Day 3 TIMP-2 × IGFBP7a

0.15 (0.06–0.32)

0.24 (0.10–2.49)

Day 3 TIMP-2 × IGFBP7 ≥ 0.18

1.76 (0.93–3.31)

0.079

Outcome

 Hospital RRT

0 (0.0)

8 (9.1)

Treatment with RRT

 

n.a.

 Dead at 6 months

32 (29.9)

56 (63.6)

Death

 

n.a.

 PNO at 6 months

37 (34.6)

59 (67.0)

Poor neurological outcome

 

n.a.

  1. aData from some patients are missing
  2. Categorical data are presented as number (percent), continuous data with skewed distribution as median (interquartile range), and continuous data with normal distribution or mean (± standard deviation)
  3. Presented p values are from univariate Pearson’s Chi square analysis
  4. AKI acute kidney injury, B whole blood, BE base excess, CA cardiac arrest, CI confidence interval, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, HCO 3 – bicarbonate, IGFBP7 insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, n.a. not applicable, NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, OR odds ratio, PNO poor neurological outcome defined as cerebral performance category 3–5, ROSC return of spontaneous circulation, RRT renal replacement therapy, S serum, SAPS simplified acute physiology score, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, TIMP-2 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2, VF/VT ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia
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Critical Care

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