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Table 4 Associations between each plasma cytokine and time to development of acute respiratory distress syndrome from Cox regression analysis in erythropoietin study subjects with traumatic brain injury (unadjusted and adjusted analyses)

From: Plasma cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 are associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

  

Unadjusted

Adjusted model

 

Number

HR

95 % CI

P value

HR

95 % CI

P value

IL-12p70

194

1.03

0.74,0.14

0.88

1.18

0.82, 1.69

0.36

TT10

    

1.24

0.70, 2.19

0.46

ER sum GCS

    

0.86

0.76, 0.98

0.02

Pre-hospital hypoxia

    

1.71

0.88, 3.33

0.11

Male sex

    

4.97

1.17, 21.16

0.03

ISS

    

1.04

1.00, 1.07

0.03

Intubated in ER

    

1.51

0.72, 3.17

0.28

Pre-hospital hypotension

    

0.62

025, 1.56

0.31

Pupil unreactive (1–2 vs. 0)

    

0.65

0.35, 1.22

0.18

TNF-α

195

0.96

0.67,1.37

0.81

1.03

0.71, 1.51

0.85

TT10

    

1.17

0.067, 2.07

0.56

ISS

    

1.03

0.99, 1.07

0.05

Male sex

    

4.79

1.15, 20.06

0.03

ER sum GCS

    

0.86

0.76, 0.98

0.02

Pre-hospital hypoxia

    

1.78

0.92, 3.43

0.08

Pre-hospital hypotension

    

0.62

025, 1.54

0.30

Pupil unreactive (1–2 vs. 0)

    

0.67

0.36, 1.25

0.21

Intubated in ER

    

1.55

0.74, 3.25

0.25

IL-10

195

1.57

1.17,2.11

<0.01

1.66

1.22, 2.26

<0.01

TT10

    

1.21

0.69, 2.11

0.51

ER sum GCS

    

0.86

0.76, 0.98

0.02

Pre-hospital hypoxia

    

2.00

0.98, 3.73

0.06

Male sex

    

5.23

1.23, 22.29

0.03

ISS

    

1.03

0.99, 1.06

0.11

Pre-hospital hypotension

    

0.50

0.20, 1.23

0.13

Pupil unreactive (1–2 vs. 0)

    

0.56

0.30, 1.05

0.07

IL-6

195

1.30

1.11,1.52

<0.01

1.24

1.05, 1.49

0.01

TT10

    

1.14

0.65, 1.99

0.65

Pre-hospital hypoxia

    

1.64

0.85, 3.16

0.14

Male sex

    

4.75

1.13, 19.95

0.03

ER sum GCS

    

0.89

0.79, 1.01

0.06

ISS

    

1.02

0.99, 1.06

0.22

Intubated in ER

    

1.50

0.71, 3.18

0.29

Pre-hospital hypotension

    

0.52

0.21, 1.28

0.15

Pupil unreactive (1–2 vs. 0)

    

0.60

0.32, 1.12

0.11

IL-1β

195

0.98

0.73,1.30

0.87

0.98

0.73, 1.32

0.89

TT10

    

1.17

0.67, 2.05

0.58

ISS

    

1.03

1.00, 1.07

0.06

ER sum GCS

    

0.86

0.76, 0.98

0.02

Pre-hospital hypoxia

    

0.62

0.25, 1.55

0.09

Pupil unreactive (1–2 vs. 0)

    

0.67

0.36, 1.25

0.21

Male sex

    

4.75

1.13, 20.0

0.03

Intubated in ER

    

1.57

0.74, 3.30

0.24

Pre-hospital hypotension

    

0.62

0.25, 1.55

0.31

IL-8

194

1.33

1.11,1.59

<0.01

1.26

1.04, 1.53

0.02

TT10

    

1.04

0.58, 1.87

0.89

ISS

    

1.02

0.98, 10.5

0.62

ER sum GCS

    

0.90

0.80, 10.2

0.10

Pre-hospital hypoxia

    

1.94

1.01, 3.74

0.05

Pupil unreactive (1–2 vs. 0)

    

0.61

0.33, 1.15

0.12

Male Sex

    

4.20

1.01, 17.53

0.05

Pre-hospital hypotension

    

0.55

0.22, 1.35

0.19

NOx

193

1.64

0.90,3.00

0.11

1.60

0.89, 2.90

0.12

TT10

    

1.12

0.64, 1.97

0.69

ISS

    

1.03

1.00, 1.06

0.06

ER sum GCS

    

0.91

0.81, 1.03

0.13

Pre-hospital hypotension

    

0.56

0.22, 1.41

0.22

Pre-hospital hypotension

    

1.84

0.95, 3.56

0.07

Male sex

    

4.73

1.14, 19.62

0.03

  1. Variables considered for adjustment included age, injury severity score (ISS), emergency room (ER) sum Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), unreactive pupils, emergency room computer tomography indicating high risk, pre-hospital hypotension, pre-hospital hypoxia, intubated in the ER, transfusion threshold, and each baseline cytokine level. Cytokine level, transfusion threshold, pre-hospital hypoxia, ER sum GCS, sex, and ISS were forced into the adjusted model. HR hazard ratio, IL-12p70 interleukin-12 p70, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-10 interleukin-10, IL-6 interleukin-6, IL-1β interleukin-1 beta, IL-8 interleukin-8, NOx nitric oxide, TT10 transfusion threshold <10 g/dL
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