Table 1 Baseline characteristics, clinical course and outcome of critically ill patients with sepsis with or without diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus | No diabetes mellitus | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Patients, n (%) | 241 (21.8 %) | 863 (78.2 %) | |
Demographic data | |||
Age, mean (SD), years | 66.0 (11.6) | 59.8 (15.2) | <0.0001 |
Gender male, n (%) | 144 (59.8 %) | 527 (61.1 %) | 0.77 |
Body mass index mean (SD) | 28.9 (7.7) | 25.2 (5.4) | <0.0001 |
Race, white, n (%) | 202 (83.8 %) | 771 (89.3 %) | 0.10 |
Medical admission, n (%) | 188 (78.0 %) | 630 (73.0 %) | 0.13 |
Chronic comorbidity, n (%) | |||
Cardiovascular compromise | 103 (42.7 %) | 160 (18.5 %) | <0.0001 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 37 (15.4 %) | 124 (14.4 %) | 0.74 |
Hypertension | 129 (53.5 %) | 211 (24.4 %) | <0.001 |
Malignancy | 61 (25.3 %) | 215 (24.9 %) | 0.94 |
Renal insufficiency | 57 (23.7 %) | 104 (12.1 %) | <0.001 |
Modified Charlson Comorbidity Indexa, median (IQR) | 5 (3–6) | 4 (2–5) | <0.0001 |
Diabetic medication, n (%) | |||
Insulin | 133 (55.2 %) | ||
Metformin | 114 (47.3 %) | - | |
Glimepiride | 22 (9.1 %) | - | |
Glibenclamide | 1 (0.4 %) | - | |
Gliclazide | 5 (2.1 %) | - | |
Tolbutamide | 24 (10.0 %) | - | |
Severity of disease on ICU admission | |||
APACHE IV Score, median (IQR) | 82 (66–104) | 79 (52–101) | 0.03 |
APACHE APS, median (IQR) | 67 (52–87) | 67 (50–85) | 0.44 |
SOFA score, median (IQR) | 7 (5–9) | 7 (5–9) | 0.55 |
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 155 (64.3 %) | 601 (69.6 %) | 0.12 |
Organ failure, n (%) | 202 (83.8 %) | 721 (83.5 %) | 0.48 |
Shock, n (%) | 78 (32.4 %) | 295 (34.2 %) | 0.65 |
Acute kidney injury, n (%) | 96 (39.8 %) | 308 (35.7 %) | 0.26 |
Acute lung injury, n (%) | 61 (25.3 %) | 219 (25.4 %) | >0.99 |
Acute myocardial infarction, n (%) | 7 (2.9 %) | 17 (2.0 %) | 0.45 |
Laboratory measurements first 24 hours after ICU admission (peak values), median (IQR) | |||
Glucose (mmol/L) | 12.9 (10.5–16.2) | 9.5 (7.9–11.5) | <0.0001 |
Lactate (mmol/mL) | 3.1 (1.8–4.8) | 2.5 (1.6–4.9) | 0.14 |
Creatinin (μmol/L | 135 (89–197) | 109 (71–181) | <0.0001 |
Source of infection, n (%) | |||
Pulmonary | 103 (42.7 %) | 430 (49.8 %) | 0.07 |
Abdominal | 53 (22.0 %) | 188 (21.8 %) | >0.99 |
Urosepsis | 42 (17.4 %) | 85 (9.8 %) | 0.002 |
Cardiovascular infection | 29 (12.0 %) | 124 (14.4 %) | 0.41 |
Skin | 14 (5.8 %) | 36 (4.2 %) | 0.32 |
Causative pathogensb, n (%) | |||
Gram-negative bacteria | 141 (58.5 %) | 444 (51.4 %) | 0.06 |
Gram-positive bacteria | 102 (42.3 %) | 386 (44.7 %) | 0.55 |
Fungi/yeasts | 26 (10.8 %) | 80 (9.3 %) | 0.56 |
Virus | 11 (4.6 %) | 46 (5.3 %) | 0.76 |
Other | 17 (7.1 %) | 54 (6.3 %) | 0.78 |
Unknown | 31 (12.9 %) | 134 (15.6 %) | 0.36 |
Outcome | |||
ICU length of stay (days), median (IQR) | 4 (2–9) | 4 (2–10) | 0.56 |
Hospital length of stay (days), median (IQR) | 21 (10–40) | 23 (11–47) | 0.08 |
Complications, n (%) | |||
None | 199 (82.6 %) | 702 (81.3 %) | 0.70 |
Acute kidney injury | 25 (10.4 %) | 69 (8.0 %) | 0.30 |
Acute lung injury | 10 (4.1 %) | 41 (4.8 %) | 0.74 |
ICU-acquired weakness | 13 (5.4 %) | 60 (7.0 %) | 0.46 |
Acute myocardial infarction | 2 (0.8 %) | 8 (0.9 %) | >0.99 |
ICU-acquired infection | 22 (9.1 %) | 88 (10.2 %) | 0.63 |
Mortality, n (%) | |||
ICU | 47 (19.5 %) | 180 (20.9 %) | 0.65 |
Hospital | 78 (32.4 %) | 270 (31.3 %) | 0.83 |
Day 30 | 72 (29.9 %) | 233 (27.0 %) | 0.44 |
Day 60 | 90 (37.3 %) | 275 (31.9 %) | 0.15 |
Day 90 | 95 (39.4 %) | 308 (35.7 %) | 0.32 |