“Awake” extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): pathophysiology, technical considerations, and clinical pioneering

Table 2 Studies on awake ECMO in COPD and ARDS patients

Reference	Year	Type of disease	Number of patients	Average support duration (days)	Type of extracorporeal support	Successful management without IMV	Successful weaning from IMV
Kluge et al. [68]	2012	COPD	14	9	PECLA	13/14	NA
Burki et al. [66]	2013	COPD	20	4	Low flow ECCO₂R	9/9^*	3/11^§
Abrams et al. [65]	2013	COPD	5	8	Low flow ECCO₂R	NA	5
Del Sorbo et al. [67]	2015	COPD	25	2	Low flow ECCO₂R	22/25	NA
Hoeper et al. [70]	2013	ARDS	6	10	VV	3/6	NA

Studies on awake ECMO for acute exacerbation of COPD or ARDS reporting at least five patients are presented in chronological order of publication and according to type of disease. “Successful management without IMV” defines the number of patients managed without invasive mechanical ventilation during the ICU stay. “Successful weaning from IMV” defines the number of patients already intubated, mechanically ventilated, and on ECMO who were weaned from invasive mechanical ventilation, extubated, and managed with awake ECMO. ^*Patients of groups 1 and 2 and ^§patients of group 3 of the original publication by Burki et al.
ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ECCO ₂ R extra-corporeal CO₂ removal, IMV invasive mechanical ventilation, NA not available, PECLA pumpless extra-corporal lung assist; VV veno-venous

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