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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients

From: Muscle mass, strength and functional outcomes in critically ill patients after cardiothoracic surgery: does neuromuscular electrical stimulation help? The Catastim 2 randomized controlled trial

 

NMES group (n = 27)

Control group (n = 27)

Age, mean (SD), y

63.3 (15.5)

69.7 (13.1)

Male sex, no. (%)

18

20

Body mass index, mean (SD)

27.6 (3.7)

27.7 (4.6)

SAPS II at postoperative day 1, median (range)

26.0 (7–46)

24.0 (7–47)

SOFA at postoperative day 1, median (range)

9.0 (1–15)

7.0 (1–11)

Period ventilated, median (range), da

2 (1–7)

2 (1–15)

ICU length of stay, median (range), db

6 (3–23)c

7 (3–213)c

ICU readmission, no. (%)

4 (14.8)

3 (11.1)

ICU readmission, median (range), db

2 (1–35)

6 (1–41)

Hospital length of stay, median (range), db

22 (4–84)d

19 (9–213)d

Mortality, no (%)

 in the ICU

1 (3.7)

3 (11.1)

 at the surgical ward

0

0

Single surgical procedure, no. (%)e

17 (63.0)

17 (63.0)

Double surgical procedure, no. (%)e

7 (25.9)

7 (25.9)

Triple surgical procedure, no. (%)e

3 (11.1)

3 (11.1)

Surgery type, no. of procedures (% in relation to total no. of procedures)

 Aortic valve replacement

9 (22.5)

11 (27.5)

 Coronary artery bypass grafting

11 (27.5)

8 (20)

 Heart transplantation

6 (15)

5 (12.5)

 Other cardiothoracic surgery typef

4 (10)

4 (10)

 Mitral valve replacement

2 (5)

5 (12.5)

 Mitral valve reconstruction

4 (10)

3 (7.5)

 Tricuspid valve reconstruction

3 (7.5)

2 (5)

 Bentall procedure

1 (2.5)

2 (5)

Comorbidities present in 96.3 % of the study population, no. (%)

 Coronary heart disease

12 (44.4)

8 (29.6)

 Hypertension

9 (33.3)

7 (25.9)

 Myocardial infarction

7 (25.9)

4 (14.8)

 Atrial fibrillation

2 (7.4)

8 (29.6)

 Diabetes

5 (18.5)

4 (14.8)

 Obesity

3 (11.1)

6 (22.2)

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

6 (22.2)

3 (11.1)

 Hyperlipidemia

4 (14.8)

4 (14.8)

 Malignoma

2 (7.4)

5 (18.5)

 Carotid artery stenosis

2 (7.4)

2 (7.4)

Patients receiving medication in the ICU, no. (%)

 Opioids

26 (96.3)

26 (96.3)

 Insulin

25 (92.6)

26 (96.3)

 Dobutamine

21 (77.8)

17 (63)

 Noradrenaline

18 (66.7)

18 (66.7)

 Glucocorticoids

11 (40.7)

6 (22.2)

 Benzodiazepines

6 (22.2)

6 (22.2)

 Neuromuscular blockers

4 (14.8)

2 (7.4)

Intake days, median (range), d

 Opioids

3 (1–10)

3 (1–14)

 Insulin

4 (1–9)

4 (1–14)

 Dobutamine

4 (2–12)

5 (1–14)

 Noradrenaline

2 (1–9)

4.5 (1–14)

 Glucocorticoids

3 (1–7)

3.5 (1–14)

 Benzodiazepines

1 (1–4)

1 (1–9)

 Neuromuscular blockers

1 (1–1)

1 (1–1)

Dose, median (range), μg/kg/min

 Dobutamine

2.78 (0.52–7.59)g

4.12 (0.82–10.53)g

 Noradrenaline

0.07 (0.01–0.54)h

0.12 (0.002–0.88)h

  1. NMES neuromuscular electrical stimulation, SD standard deviation, SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, ICU intensive care unit
  2. aThe ventilation period was calculated as the number of calendar days from the day of surgery (counted as 1 day) to the last day of ventilation (also counted as 1 day). All patients were ventilated when transferred from the operating room to the ICU
  3. bThe time period was calculated as the number of calendar days from the day of ICU/hospital (re)admission (counted as 1 day) to the day of ICU/hospital discharge (also counted as 1 day unless discharged on the same day as the (re)admission to ICU)
  4. c P = 0.46
  5. d P = 0.60
  6. eExample of single surgical procedure: aortic valve replacement; example of double surgical procedure: aortic valve replacement + coronary artery bypass grafting; example of triple surgical procedure: aortic valve replacement + mitral valve reconstruction + coronary artery bypass grafting
  7. fAtrial septal defect II closure, pericardial tamponade, lung transplantation, resection of cardiac aneurysm, aortic arch replacement, Glenn procedure, Ross procedure, replacement of ascending aorta
  8. g P < 0.001
  9. h P = 0.01
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Critical Care

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