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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies with physicians and non-physicians (paramedics) in out-of-hospital CPR
| Author | Design | Details | Patients treated by | ROSC | Survival to hospital admission | Survival to hospital discharge | 30-day survival | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physician (n) | Paramedic (n) | Physician (n/total, %) | Paramedic (n/total, %) | Physician (n/total, %) | Paramedic (n/total, %) | Physician (n/total, %) | Paramedic (n/total, %) | Physician (n/total, %) | Paramedic (n/total, %) | |||
| Olasveengen et al., 2009 [11] | Retrospective analysis of registry data | 2003–2008, contemporaneous, urban, same city, same dispatch criteria | 232 | 741 | 79/232, 34.0 % | 242/741, 32.7 % | With ROSC 66/232, 28.4 %; with ongoing CPR 22/232, 9.5 %; all hospital 88/232, 37.9 % | With ROSC 195/741, 26.3 %; with ongoing CPR 98/741, 13.2 %; all hospital 293/741, 39.5 % | 31/232; 13.4 % | 78/741, 10.5 % | Not reported | Not reported |
| Yen et al., 2006 [14] | Prospective, observational multicenter study | 1999–2000, contemporaneous, urban, same city, same dispatch criteria | 115 | 43 | Not reported | Not reported | 17/115, 14.8 % | 16/43, 37.2 % | 3/115, 2.6 % | 4/43, 9.3 % | Not reported | Not reported |
| Oshige et al., 2005 [15] | Prospective, observational study | 2003, contemporaneous, different urban and rural areas: four areas with physician-manned ambulances compared with four areas with paramedic-staffed ambulances, same dispatch criteria | 120 | 222 | Not reported | Not reported | 49/120, 40.8 % | 52/222, 23.4 % | Not reported | Not reported | 13/120; 10.8 % | 10/222; 4.5 % |
| Fischer et al., 2003 [4] | Prospective, observational study | 1997, contemporaneous, two different cities (city of Bonn, Germany: physician-manned ambulance vs. city of Birmingham, UK: paramedic-staffed ambulances) | 918 | 3380 | 415/918, 45.2 % | 554/3380, 16.4 % | 371/918, 40.4 % | 362/3380, 10.7 % | 135/918, 14.7 % | 135/3380, 4.0 % | Not reported | Not reported |
| Soo et al., 1999 [16] | Retrospective observational study | 1991–1994, contemporaneous, same area | 70 | 551 | Not reported | Not reported | 17/70, 24.3 % | 86/551, 15.6 % | 11/70, 15.7 % | 32/551, 5.8 % | Not reported | Not reported |
| Kojima et al., 2010 [7] | Prospective, observational study | 2005–2008, contemporaneous, propensity score-matched analysis | 2072 | 2072 | 555/2072, 26.8 % | 249/2072, 12.0 % | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 336/2072, 16.2 % | 227/2072, 11.0 % |
| Eisenburger et al., 2001 [12] | Descriptive observational study with prospective data collection | 1991–1998, contemporaneous, same rural area | 105 | 13 | 47/105, 44.8 % | 7/13, 53.8 % | Not reported | Not reported | 23/105, 21.9 % | 3/13, 23.1 % | 1-year survival: 20/105, 19.0 % | 1-year survival: 1/13, 7.7 % |
| Dickenson et al., 1997 [13] | Retrospective case review | 1994, contemporaneous, same suburban area | 9 | 40 | 6/9, 66.7 % | 12/40, 30.0 % | Not reported | Not reported | 4/9, 44.4 % | 2/40, 5.0 % | Not reported | Not reported |
| Hagihara et al., 2014 [10] | Prospective, registry study | 2005–2010, contemporaneous, nationwide in Japan, physician not dispatched to the scene but happened to be present during rescue mission for training of the ambulance crew or occasionally when the patient collapsed | 9231 | 9231 | 2774/9231, 30.1 % | 1661/9231, 18.0 % | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 1441/9231, 15.6 % | 1169/9231, 12.7 % |
| Yasunaga et al., 2010 [17] | Prospective, registry study | 2005-2007, contemporaneous, nationwide in Japan, in several regions a physician-staffed ambulance is available | without BCPR 1597; with BCPR 1916 | without BCPR 53,482; with BCPR 38,077 | Not reported not reported | Not reported not reported | Not reported not reported | Not reported not reported | Not reported not reported | Not reported not reported | Without BCPR 185/1597, 11.6 %; with BCPR 287/1916, 15.0 %; all patients: 472/3513, 13.4 % | Without BCPR 3608/53,482, 6.7 %; with BCPR 3642/38,077, 9.6 %; all patients: 7250/91559, 7.9 % |
| Hampton et al., 1977 [18] | Prospective, interventional study | probably 1975–1976, contemporaneous, same urban area | 19 | 46 | Not reported | Not reported | 9/19, 47.4 % | 8/46, 17.4 % | 3/19, 15.8 % | 2/46, 4.3 % | Not reported | Not reported |
| Mitchell et al., 1997 [19] | Prospective, observational study | one calendar year in the middle of the nineties, contemporaneous, 2 different urban areas (Edinburgh, UK: physician-based vs. Milwaukee, USA: paramedic-based) | 306 | 732 | 116/306, 37.7 % | 225/732, 31.1 % | 78/306, 25.5 % | 159/732, 21.7 % | 38/306, 12.4 % | 52/732, 7.2 % | Not reported | Not reported |
| Frandsen et al., 1991 [20] | Prospective, interventional study | paramedic: 1986–1989, physician: 1988, partly contemporaneous, same urban and rural area | 85 | 308 | Not reported | Not reported | 14/85, 16.5 % | 31/308, 10.1 % | 11/85, 12.9 % | 10/308, 3.2 % | Not reported | Not reported |
| Fischer et al., 2011 [5] | Prospective, observational study | 2001-2004, physician-staffed: urban (Bonn, Germany) and rural (Cantabria, Spain), paramedic-based: urban (Coventry, UK and Richmond, USA) | 263 | 833 | 89/263, 33.8 % | 214/833, 25.7 % | 84/263, 31.9 % | 110/833, 13.2 % | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
