Table 1 Clinical and demographic characteristics of the 67 studied patients by outcome category at 6 months post injury

Age (yrs, mean ± SD)

37.2 ± 14.3

42.0 ± 16.1

33.9 ± 12.0

0.039

40.0 ± 15.0

34.1 ± 12.9

0.503

Male, n (%)

51 (76.1)

21 (77.8)

30 (75.0)

0.794

28 (80.0)

23 (71.9)

0.436

 Traffic accident

33 (49.3)

13 (48.1)

20 (50.0)

0.968

17 (48.6)

16 (50.0)

0.997

 Fall

26 (38.8)

11 (40.7)

15 (37.5)

14 (40.0)

12 (37.5)

 Violence

6 (8.9)

2 (7.4)

4 (10.0)

3 (8.6)

3 (9.4)

 Other

2 (2.9)

1 (3.7)

1 (2.5)

1 (2.9)

1 (3.1)

Time after injury (hrs, mean ± SD)

2.6 ± 1.1

2.6 ± 1.2

2.6 ± 1.1

0.333

2.4 ± 1.2

2.9 ± 1.1

0.791

GCS, median (range)

6 (3–8)

5 (3–8)

7 (3–8)

0.006

5 (3–8)

7 (3–8)

0.001

 GCS 3–5, n (%)

25

16 (59.3)

9 (22.5)

0.012

19 (54.3)

6 (18.8)

0.006

 GCS 6–8, n (%)

42

11 (40.7)

31 (77.5)

16 (45.7)

26 (81.2)

 Both present

38

10 (37.0)

28 (41.8)

0.015

13 (37.1)

25 (78.1)

0.032

 At least one unreactive pupil

29

17 (63.0)

12 (58.2)

22 (62.9)

7 (21.9)

 Missing

3 (4.5)

1 (3.7)

2 (5)

0.641

1 (2.9)

2 (6.3)

 Diffuse injury I

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 Diffuse injury II

7 (10.4)

3 (11.1)

4 (10)

4 (11.4)

3 (9.4)

 Diffuse injury III

11 (16.4)

6 (22.2)

5 (12.5)

6 (17.1)

5 (15.6)

 Diffuse injury IV

13 (19.4)

6 (22.2)

7 (17.5)

10 (28.6)

3 (9.4)

 Evacuated mass lesion

30 (44.8)

11 (40.7)

19 (47.5)

13 (37.1)

17 (53.1)

 Non-evacuated mass lesion

3 (4.5)

0 (0)

3 (7.5)

1 (2.9)

2 (6.3)

 Yes

59 (88.1)

25 (92.6)

34 (85.0)

0.347

33 (94.3)

26 (81.3)

0.100

 No

8 (11.9)

2 (7.4)

6 (15.0)

2 (5.7)

6 (18.7)

Duration of neurosurgery, (hrs, mean ± SD)^a

2.6 ± 1.3

3.1 ± 1.2

2.3 ± 1.3

0.704

3.2 ± 1.2

1.9 ± 1.0

0.216