Table 2 Risk factors for complications following extubation
Outcome measure | Study | Year | Risk factors |
|---|---|---|---|
Laryngeal injury | Colice et al. [1] | 1989 | Persistent laryngeal neuromotor activity, tracheostomy |
| Â | Kastanos et al. [7] | 1983 | Severe respiratory failure, high cuff pressure, duration of endotracheal intubation, secretion infection |
|  | Esteller-Moré et al. [31] | 2005 | Longer duration of intubation, tracheostomy, number of days in the intensive care unit |
Laryngeal edema | Darmon et al. [12] | 1992 | Duration of intubation (>36Â hours, female gender) |
|  | François et al. [11] | 2007 | Trauma at admission, gender (female), short duration of intubation (<7 days), smaller height-to-tube diameter ratio, absence of methylprednisolone pretreatment |
Postextubation stridor | Cheng et al. [16] | 2006 | Gender (female), lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, non-sedation treatment |
| Â | Sandhu et al. [21] | 2000 | Duration of intubation (>3Â days) |
| Â | Daley et al. [32] | 1996 | Tracheostomy, time to reintubation |
| Â | Ho et al. [17] | 1996 | Gender (female) |
| Â | Jaber et al. [25] | 2003 | High SAPS II, medical patients, difficult intubation, history of self-extubation, prolonged intubation, high cuff pressure |
| Â | Kriner et al. [18] | 2005 | Gender (female), duration on intubation (>6Â days), ration tube size to laryngeal size >45Â % |
| Â | Wang et al. [19] | 2007 | Gender (female) |
| Â | Maury et al. [20] | 2004 | Gender (female) |
| Â | Erginel et al. [33] | 2005 | Duration of ventilation (>5Â days), body mass index (>26.5) |
Reintubation | Daley et al. [32] | 1996 | Tracheostomy, postextubation stidor |
| Â | Jaber et al. [25] | 2003 | Postextubation stridor |
| Â | Epstein and Ciubotaru [3] | 1998 | APACHE II score, age, cardiopulmonary cause for reintubation |
| Â | Sandhu et al. [21] | 2000 | Duration of previous intubation (>3Â days) |