Table 2 Characteristics of rapid response system implementation and interventions

1

Al-Qahtani et al. [40]

18.2

9.3

24/0/36

40.2

Intubation 4

Non-ICU cardiopulmonary arrests, hospital mortality, including patients with DNAR designation

NIV 8

IV fluids 48

Diuretics 13

Vasoactive infusions 5

2

Baxter et al. [41]

40.3

8

24/12/12

27

Intubation 5

All cases of arrest Hospital-wide deaths, patients with DNAR designation included

NIV 6

IV fluids 32

Diuretics 10

Vasopressors 8

3

Beitler et al. [42]

10.8

11.2

36/0/36

43.4

NR

Non-ICU cardiopulmonary arrests, hospital mortality, patients with DNAR designation included

4

Bellomo et al. [22]

4.7

10

4/14/4

18.2

Intubation 3

All cardiac arrests, hospital mortality, patients with DNAR designation included

NIV 9

IV fluids 18

Diuretics 11

Vasopressors 5

5

Bristow et al. [43]

NR

NR

NR/NR/6

NR

NR

All cardiac arrests, hospital mortality, patients with DNAR designation included

6

Buist et al. [44]

6.7

10.5

12/24/12

10.5

NR

All cardiac arrests, hospital mortality, patients with DNAR designation included

7

Campello et al. [45]

7.8

NR

12/0/48

NR

NR

All cardiac arrests, hospital mortality, patients with DNAR designation included

8

Chan et al. [13]

15.1

2.1

20/4/20

41.2

Intubation 7

Hospital-wide cardiopulmonary arrest and mortality with DNAR designation included

NIV 11

IV fluids 16

Diuretics 7

Vasopressors 1

9

Dacey et al. [46]

20.1

10

4/1/12

24

Intubation 11

All cardiac arrests, and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included

NIV 10

IV fluids 32

10

De Vita et al. [47]

25.8

NR

60/0/20

NR

Hospital-wide cardiopulmonary arrest mortality not reported

11

Hayani et al. [48]

NR

NR

60/0/36

NR

NR

Mortality at 100 days after transplant

12

Hillman et al. [5]

8.7

8

2/4/6

30

NR

Non-ICU cardiopulmonary arrest Cardiac arrest and non-ICU mortality with DNAR designation excluded

13

Howell et al. [49]

53

NR

22/6/31

20

NR

Hospital mortality with DNAR designation excluded

14

Jones et al. [50]

25.2

NR

12/14/50

NR

NR

All cardiac arrests, and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included

15

Kenward et al. [51]

53

25

12/0/12

20

Intubation 23

All cardiac arrests, and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included

IV fluids 25

16

Konrad et al. [14]

2.5

26

60/3/24

27

NR

All cardiac arrests, and hospital mortality DNAR designation included

17

Lim et al. [52]

NR

NR

6/6/6

NR

NR

All cardiac arrests, and hospital mortality including DNAR designation

18

Priestley et al. [12]

NR

NR

0/0/8

NR

NR

Cardiac arrest NR; hospital mortality including DNAR designation

19

Santamaria et al. [53]

8.7

NR

30/3/18

NR

NR

All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality including DNAR designation included

20

Shah et al. [54]

26.7

7

9/6/27

50

NR

All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included

21

Simmes et al. [55]

56

NR

12/3/25

53

NR

All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation excluded

23

Hanson et al. [57]

NR

NR

24/10/12

57

NR

Non-ICU cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included

24

Anwar ul Haque et al. [58]

21

NR

10/0/9

39

Intubation 18

All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included

25

Hunt et al. [59]

11.9

NR

12/0/12

NR

NR

Non-ICU cardiac arrest, hospital mortality NR

26

Kotsakis et al. [60]

44.2

NR

24/9/24

30

NR

All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included

27

Sharek et al. [61]

19.7

0.7

54/2/19

57

Intubation 0.7

Non-ICU cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included

IV fluids 16

Vasopressors 4

28

Tibballs and Kinney [23]

5.1

NR

41/3/48

47

Intubation 8

All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included

NIV 7

IV fluids 23

Vasopressors 4

29

Zenker et al. [62]

12.8

NR

23/0/12

36

Intubation 7

All cardiac arrest and hospital mortality with DNAR designation included

NIV 6

IV fluids

Vasopressors 2