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Table 2 Number of surviving days outside the hospital at day 28 as a function of time to antibiotics in ED patients with a suspected infection in three categories of illness severity

From: The association between time to antibiotics and relevant clinical outcomes in emergency department patients with various stages of sepsis: a prospective multi-center study

 

Crude model HR (95% CI)

Corrected model HR (95% CI)

P (Corrected model)

PIRO group 1 to 7

   

Antibiotics <1 hour (reference category)

1

1

0.02a

Antibiotics 1–3 hours

0.84 (0.66-1.06)

1.03 (0.78-1.36)

0.824

Antibiotics >3 hours

1.11 (0.84-1.46)

1.46 (1.05-2.02)

0.023

Type of hospital (academic versus urban)

 

0.635 (0.486-0.831)

0.001

P score

 

1.16 (1.04-1.30)

0.008

O score

 

1.03 (0.96-1.12)

0.408

Statin use

 

1.32 (1.02-1.70)

0.033

Appropriateness of antibiotics

 

0.61 (0.46-0.81)

0.001

Amount of oxygen (L/min)

 

1.01 (0.99-1.04)

0.301

Amount of fluids (L/ED stay)

 

1.23 (1.06-1.43)

0.005

PIRO group 8 to 14

Antibiotics <1 hour (reference category)

1

1

0.984a

Antibiotics 1–3 hours

0.85 (0.70-1.02)

1.02 (0.83-1.25)

0.863

Antibiotics >3 hours

0.79 (0.60-1.04)

1.02 (0.75-1.38)

0.910

Type of hospital (academic versus urban)

 

0.54 (0.44-0.66)

<0.001

P score

 

1.05 (1.00-1.11)

0.05

O score

 

1.06 (1.00-1.13)

0.037

Appropriateness of antibiotics

 

0.76 (0.61-0.93)

0.008

Amount of oxygen (L/min)

 

1.02 (1.00-1.04)

0.015

Amount of fluids (L/ED stay)

 

1.03 (0.92-1.16

0.616

PIRO group >14

Antibiotics <1 hour (reference category)

1

1

0.361a

Antibiotics 1–3 hours

1.00 (0.75-1.32)

1.16 (0.86-1.58)

0.366

Antibiotics >3 hours

0.89 (0.57-1.40)

1.40 (0.84-2.34)

0.194

Type of hospital (academic versus urban)

 

0.69 (0.50-0.96)

0.025

P score

 

1.10 (1.00-1.22)

0.041

O score

 

1.09 (1.02-1.17)

0.017

Statin use

 

0.84 (0.61-1.15)

0.277

Antibiotics use

 

1.04 (0.77-1.41)

0.789

Appropriateness of antibiotics

 

0.70 (0.51-0.95)

0.024

Amount of oxygen (L/min)

 

1.03 (1.01-1.05)

0.014

Amount of fluids (L/ED stay)

 

1.14 (1.01-1.29)

0.042

  1. Cox regression analysis was performed with time to antibiotics divided into three categories, corrected for possible predefined confounders: PIRO score; antibiotic, β-blocker, or statin use prior to ED presentation; efficacy of antibiotics; amount of fluids (L); amount of oxygen (L/min) in the ED; and type of hospital (academic versus urban hospital). Hazard ratio >1 indicates a larger number of days outside the hospital at day 28 after ED presentation compared to the reference category of time to antibiotics within one hour. aOverall P value for categories of time to antibiotics. The P values were not used to construct the model.
  2. CI, Confidence interval; ED, Emergency department; HR, Hazard ratio; ICU, Intensive care unit; and PIRO, Predisposition, Infection, Response, and Organ failure score (as a measure of illness severity).
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