Table 2 Cooling efficacy, complication and neurological outcomes between the surface cooling and endovascular cooling groups
|  | Total ( N = 803) | Surface group | Endovascular group | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
( n = 559) | ( n = 244) | |||
Time variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Induction time (minutes) | 231.1 ± 9.1 | 240.1 ± 11.8 | 211.1 ± 12.9 | 0.10 |
 ≥165 minutes (cutoff value: median) | 395 (51.1) | 269 (50.3) | 126 (52.9) | 0.50 |
 Rewarming time (minutes) | 745.9 ± 17.8 | 744.3 ± 23.1 | 749.5 ± 25.7 | 0.88 |
 ≥720 minutes (cutoff value: median) | 353 (50.4) | 232 (47.8) | 121 (56.3) | 0.04 |
Adverse events in the cooling phase | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Overcooling | 151 (18.8) | 131 (23.5) | 20 (8.2) | <0.01 |
 Bradycardia | 106 (13.3) | 84 (15.1) | 22 (9.0) | 0.02 |
 Tachycardia | 99 (12.4) | 81 (14.5) | 18 (7.5) | 0.01 |
 Hypokalemia | 234 (29.3) | 170 (30.6) | 64 (26.3) | 0.22 |
 Hyperglycemia | 369 (46.1) | 295 (53.0) | 74 (30.3) | <0.01 |
 Bleeding | 26 (3.3) | 20 (3.6) | 6 (2.5) | 0.42 |
 Hypotension | 280 (35.0) | 209 (37.6) | 71 (29.1) | 0.02 |
Adverse events in the rewarming phase | Â | Â | Â | |
 Hyperthermia | 80 (10.7) | 67 (13.0) | 13 (5.6) | <0.01 |
 Arrhythmia | 42 (5.7) | 37 (7.2) | 5 (2.2) | 0.01 |
 Hyperkalemia | 56 (7.5) | 39 (7.6) | 17 (7.4) | 0.91 |
 Hypoglycemia | 73 (9.8) | 55 (10.7) | 18 (7.8) | 0.22 |
 Bleeding | 12 (1.6) | 7 (1.4) | 5 (2.2) | 0.53 |
 Hypotension | 180 (24.2) | 133 (25.9) | 47 (20.4) | 0.10 |
Adverse events in critical care | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Sepsis | 59 (7.5) | 40 (7.3) | 19 (7.8) | 0.80 |
 Pneumonia | 283 (35.6) | 191 (34.6) | 92 (38.0) | 0.36 |
Neurological outcome | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Hospital mortality | 310 (38.6) | 218 (39.0) | 92 (37.7) | 0.73 |
 Poor neurological outcome | 574 (71.5) | 416 (74.4) | 158 (64.7) | 0.01 |