Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients surviving at 30 days and hospital discharge according to presence of cardiogenic shock at the acute stage
No shock (n = 3,312) | Shock (n = 99) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean ± SD | 66 ± 14 | 70 ± 13 | <0.001 |
Sex, female, n (%) | 1014 (30.6) | 37 (37.4) | 0.43 |
Body mass index, Kg/m2, mean ± SD | 27.2 ± 4.7 | 26.5 ± 4.9 | 0.15 |
Risk factors, n (%) | |||
Hypertension | 1949 (58.8) | 62 (62.6) | 0.45 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1166 (35.2) | 37 (37.4) | 0.65 |
Current smoking | 990 (29.9) | 27 (27.3) | 0.59 |
Hypercholesterolemia | 1622 (49.0) | 44 (44.4) | 0.37 |
Family history of coronary artery disease | 796 (24.0) | 11 (11.1) | 0.003 |
Previous medical history, n (%) | |||
Myocardial infarction | 591 (17.8) | 23 (23.2) | 0.17 |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 472 (14.3) | 13 (13.1) | 0.75 |
Coronary artery bypass graft | 186 (5.6) | 8 (8.1) | 0.30 |
Stroke | 168 (5.1) | 5 (5.1) | 0.99 |
Peripheral arterial disease | 316 (9.6) | 17 (17.2) | 0.01 |
Heart failure | 172 (5.2) | 9 (9.1) | 0.09 |
Chronic kidney disease | 172 (5.2) | 6 (6.1) | 0.71 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 141 (4.3) | 9 (9.1) | 0.02 |
Cancer | 218 (6.6) | 4 (4.0) | 0.31 |
Previous medications, n (%) | |||
Antiplatelet agents | 1058 (31.9) | 35 (35.4) | 0.47 |
Statins | 930 (28.1) | 32 (32.4) | 0.35 |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 640 (19.3) | 33 (33.3) | 0.001 |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 515 (15.5) | 13 (13.1) | 0.52 |
Beta-blockers | 828 (25.0) | 28 (28.3) | 0.46 |
Insulin | 335 (10.1) | 13 (13.1) | 0.33 |
Current episode, n (%) | |||
Typical chest pain | 2538 (79.0) | 58 (65.2) | 0.002 |
(n = 3213) | (n = 89) | ||
Resuscitated cardiac arrest | 31 (0.9) | 10 (10.1) | <0.001 |
Segment-elevation myocardial infarction | 1688 (50.9) | 54 (54.5) | 0.47 |
Anaemia on admission | 689 (21.5) (n = 3202) | 35 (36.8) (n = 95) | <0.001 |
Admission glycaemia, mg/dl, mean ± SD | 156 ± 77 | 203 ± 109 | <0.001 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction, %, mean ± SD | 53 ± 13 | 42 ± 16 | <0.001 |
Medications within the first 48 h, n (%) | |||
Low molecular-weight heparin | 2159 (65.1) | 45 (45.5) | <0.001 |
Clopidogrel | 2882 (86.9) | 81 (81.8) | 0.14 |
GP IIb-IIIa inhibitors | 1236 (37.3) | 35 (35.4) | 0.69 |
Procedures during hospital stay, n (%) | |||
Coronary angiography | 2898 (87.4) | 79 (79.8) | 0.03 |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 2186 (65.9) | 60 (60.9) | 0.27 |
Coronary artery bypass graft | 140 (4.2) | 4 (4.0) | 0.93 |
In-hospital complications, n (%) | |||
Re-infarction | 51 (1.5) | 3 (3.0) | 0.24 |
Stroke | 19 (0.6) | 4 (4.0) | <0.001 |
Major bleeding | 54 (1.6) | 7 (7.1) | <0.001 |
Transfusion | 119 (3.6) | 13 (13.1) | <0.001 |
Ventricular fibrillation | 44 (1.3) | 12 (12.1) | <0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation, new | 150 (4.5) | 25 (25.3) | <0.001 |
Atrio-ventricular block | 39 (1.2) | 4 (4.0) | 0.01 |
Medications at discharge, n (%) | |||
Aspirin | 3039 (92.3) | 88 (90.7) | 0.58 |
Clopidogrel | 2662 (81.0) | 78 (7906) | 0.73 |
Statins | 2760 (84.4) | 70 (72.9) | 0.002 |
Beta-blockers | 2566 (78.7) | 62 (65.3) | 0.002 |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 2030 (62.9) | 66 (68.8) | 0.24 |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 270 (8.6) | 4 (4.3) | 0.15 |
Aldosterone receptor blockers | 153 (4.9) | 17 (18.3) | <0.001 |
Loop diuretics | 613 (19.7) | 53 (57.6) | <0.001 |
Digoxin | 17 (0.5) | 0 | 0.48 |
Nitrates | 581 (18.6) | 25 (27.2) | 0.04 |
Amiodarone | 232 (7.0) | 24 (24.2) | <0.001 |