Table 5 Conditions associated with hyperchloraemia in the intensive care unit
Chloride infusion |
   Administration of chloride-rich fluids |
   Total parenteral nutrition |
Pure water loss |
   Skin losses |
   Fever |
   Hypermetabolic states |
   Renal losses |
   Central diabetes insipidus |
   Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus |
Water loss in excess of chloride loss |
   Extrarenal loss |
   Diarrhoea |
   Burns |
   Renal loss |
   Osmotic diuresis |
   Post-obstructive diuresis |
   Intrinsic renal disease |
Definite or relative increase in tubular chloride reabsorption |
   Renal tubular acidosis |
   Recovery of diabetic ketoacidosis |
   Early renal failure |
   Acetazolamide |
   Ureteral diversion procedures |
   Post hypocapnia |