Figure 2
From: Hyperosmotic stress enhances cytokine production and decreases phagocytosis in vitro
Interleukin (IL)-6 (a, b) and IL-1β (c, d) cytokine production after stimulation with 0.5 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide. Samples were preincubated for 3 hours with no supplement addition, 1,000 mg/dL glucose, or a combination of glucose (1,000 mg/dL) and insulin (10 and 100 IU). Cytokine concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after a 24-hour incubation period (n = 11; mean ± standard error of the mean; *P < 0.05 versus no supplement addition; **P < 0.05 versus 1,000 mg/dL glucose).