Table 2 Admission and outcome parameters of study patients

Number of patients (%)

264 ± 100.0

192 ± 72.3

72 ± 27.3

110 ± 41.7

154 ± 58.3

Male sex (n [%])

166 ± 62.9

117 ± 60.9

49 ± 68.1

0.178

60 ± 54.5

106 ± 68.8

0.013

Age (years)

53.8 ± 20.0

52.3 ± 21.0

57.8 ± 16.8

0.047

48.6 ± 21.0

57.5 ± 18.5

<0.001

Diabetes (n [%])

35 ± 13.3

26 ± 13.5

9 ± 12.5

0.502

11 ± 10.0

24 ± 15.6

0.128

Readmission (n [%])

8 ± 3.0

6 ± 3.1

2 ± 2.8

0.622

2 ± 1.8

6 ± 3.9

0.287

Sedation (n [%])

243 ± 92.0

174 ± 90.6

69 ± 95.8

0.125

98 ± 89.1

145 ± 94.2

0.103

Vasoactive/inotrope (n [%])

200 ± 75.8

136 ± 70.8

64 ± 88.9

0.001

67 ± 60.9

133 ± 86.4

<0.001

Surgical profile (n [%])

175 ± 66.3

122 ± 63.5

53 ± 73.7

0.080

67 ± 60.9

108 ± 70.1

0.077

Laparatomy (n [%])

60 ± 23.3

21 ± 15.6

31 ± 43.7

<0.001

9 ± 8.4

51 ± 34.0

<0.001

Enteral feeding (n [%])

49 ± 18.6

42 ± 21.9

7 ± 9.7

0.015

25 ± 22.7

24 ± 15.6

0.095

APACHE II score (points)

14.2 ± 7.7

13.5 ± 7.6

16.0 ± 7.7

0.016

11.8 ± 7.3

15.8 ± 7.6

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

27.6 ± 13.1

25.4 ± 4.6

33.1 ± 22.2

<0.001

25.8 ± 5.6

28.9 ± 16.4

0.080

SOFA score (points)

7.0 ± 4.2

6.3 ± 4.2

8.9 ± 3.6

<0.001

5.3 ± 4.2

8.2 ± 3.8

<0.001

Fluid gain in first 24 hours (l)

2.4 ± 3.6

2.0 ± 2.4

3.6 ± 5.5

0.001

1.7 ± 2.4

2.9 ± 4.2

0.007

MAP (mmHg)

81.5 ± 15.9

82.1 ± 16.4

80.5 ± 15.0

0.512

82.1 ± 15.8

81.3 ± 16.1

0.758

IAP (mmHg)

8.5 ± 4.7

6.5 ± 3.8

12.1 ± 4.0

<0.001

6.3 ± 4.0

9.5 ± 4.6

<0.001

CVP (mmHg)

11.6 ± 5.7

10.3 ± 4.9

14.3 ± 6.3

<0.001

10.4 ± 5.1

12.2 ± 5.9

0.031

PIP (cmH₂O)

23.9 ± 6.2

22.6 ± 6.0

27.2 ± 5.2

<0.001

22.5 ± 6.5

24.8 ± 5.7

0.006

PEEP (cmH₂O)

9.2 ± 4.2

8.5 ± 4.1

11.2 ± 3.7

<0.001

7.8 ± 4.1

10.2 ± 3.9

<0.001

Lactate (mmol/l)

4.6 ± 5.4

4.4 ± 4.6

4.9 ± 6.9

0.519

4.4 ± 4.9

4.7 ± 5.7

0.741

FI (n [%])

124 ± 47.0

69 ± 35.9

55 ± 76.4

<0.001

-

-

IAH (n [%])

42 ± 15.9

-

-

3 ± 2.7

39 ± 25.3

<0.001

Gastrointestinal failure (FI+IAH; n [%])

36 ± 13.6

-

36 ± 50.0

-

36 ± 23.4

Outcome parameters

   MV (days)

7.4 ± 11.9

4.3 ± 6.1

15.5 ± 18.0

<0.001

3.6 ± 5.9

10.0 ± 14.1

<0.001

   ICU (days)

8.8 ± 12.8

5.6 ± 7.3

17.5 ± 19.0

<0.001

4.8 ± 6.9

11.7 ± 15.1

<0.001

   ICU mortality (n [%])

39 ± 14.8

21 ± 10.9

18 ± 25.0

0.005

7 ± 6.4

32 ± 20.8

0.001

   28-day mortality (n [%])

54 ± 20.5%

36 ± 18.8%

18 ± 25.0%

0.171

13 ± 11.8%

41 ± 26.6%

<0.001

   90-day mortality (n [%])

75 ± 28.4%

48 ± 25.0%

27 ± 37.5%

0.033

17 ± 15.5%

58 ± 37.7%

0.002