Table 1 Human studies

Hotchkiss and colleagues [10]

Sepsis/septic shock

Serum creatinine >2 mg/dl and urine output <20 ml/kg/hour × 6 hours

Postmortem

12/20 (60)

1 (5)

Sato and colleagues [13]

Sepsis

Not available

Postmortem

6/6 (100)

1 (17)

Mustonen and colleagues [9]

Sepsis/shock/hypovolemia

Not available

Biopsy

57/57 (100)

4 (7)

Rosenberg and colleagues [12]

Sepsis

Serum creatinine >3.5 mg/dl and urine/plasma osmolality >1

Biopsy

1/1 (100)

0 (0)

Zappacosta and Ashby [14]

Sepsis

Not available

Biopsy

1/1 (100)

0 (0)

Diaz de Leon and colleagues [11]

Severe sepsis

Serum creatinine, urine output, urine/plasma osmolality (not specified)

Biopsy

107/332 (32)

20 (50)^a