Table 1 Characteristics of the observation sessions and opportunities for hand hygiene across study phases
From: Liquid versus gel handrub formulation: a prospective intervention study
Phase I | Phase II | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Number of observation studies | 181 | 198 | |
Number of opportunities | 604 | 553 | |
Median duration in minutes | 12.3 | 13.0 | 0.74 |
25%–75% percentiles | 8.0–17.0 | 8.5–16.7 | |
HCWa | 0.17 | ||
Nurses | 132 (73) | 134 (68) | |
Physicians | 29 (16) | 29 (14) | |
Nursing assistants | 12 (6.6) | 27 (14) | |
Other | 8 (4.4) | 8 (4) | |
Time of daya | 0.027 | ||
Morning | 92 (51) | 123 (62) | |
Afternoon | 89 (49) | 75 (38) | |
Isolated patienta | 64 (35) | 57 (29) | 0.14 |
Availability of handruba | |||
In the room | 177 (98) | 197 (99.5) | 0.20 |
In the HCW's pocket | 16 (9) | 17 (9) | 0.53 |
Median number of opportunities per hour | 13.7 | 11.6 | 0.004 |
25%–75% percentiles | 8.3–20.6 | 8.6–16 | |
Type of opportunity | < 0.001 | ||
Respiratory care | 40 (6.6) | 47 (8.5) | |
Intravenous or arterial care | 62 (10.3) | 60 (10.8) | |
Direct patient contact | 477 (79.0) | 374 (68.0) | |
Digestive care | 6 (1.0) | 12 (2.0) | |
Wound care | 9 (1.5) | 35 (6.0) | |
Clean device/material | 9 (1.5) | 18 (3.2) | |
Urinary care | 1 (0.2) | 7 (1.5) |