Table 1 Pulmonary–renal syndromes

Pulmonary–renal syndrome associated with anti-GBM antibodies: Goodpasture's syndrome

Pulmonary–renal syndrome in ANCA-positive systemic vasculitis

   Wegener's granulomatosis

   Microscopic polyangiitis

   Churg–Strauss syndrome

   Other vasculitis

Pulmonary–renal syndrome in ANCA-negative systemic vasculitis

   Henoch–Schönlein purpura

   Mixed cryoglobulinaemia

   Behçet's disease

   IgA nephropathy

ANCA-positive Pulmonary–renal syndrome without systemic vasculitis: idiopathic Pulmonary–renal syndrome

   Pauci-immune necrotic glomerulonephritis and pulmonary capillaritis

Pulmonary–renal syndrome in drug-associated ANCA-positive vasculitis

   Propylthiouracil

   D-Penicillamine

   Hydralazine

   Allopurinol

   Sulfasalazine

Pulmonary–renal syndrome in anti-GBM-postive and ANCA-positive patients

Pulmonary–renal syndrome in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (immune complexes and/or ANCA mediated)

   Systemic lupus erythematosus

   Scleroderma (ANCA?)

   Polymyositis

   Rheumatoid arthritis

   Mixed collagen vascular disease

Pulmonary–renal syndrome in thrombotic microangiopathy

   Antiphospholipid syndrome

   Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

   Infections

   Neoplasms

Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage complicating idiopathic pauci-immune glomerulonephritis