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Prehospital echocardiography in pulseless electrical activity victims using portable, handheld ultrasound
Critical Care volume 11, Article number: P279 (2007)
Objective
Potentially treatable causes of sudden cardiac arrest, such as pericardial tamponade, myocardial insufficiency or hypovolemia, should be identified as soon as possible (that is, at the scene). Although these diagnoses are mainly made by echocardiography, old and new ERC or ILCOR guidelines only recommend pauses of ventilation or chest compressions as 'brief interruptions' at a maximum of 10 seconds, thereby potentially limiting transthoracic ultrasound examinations. We introduced an ALS-based algorithm of focused echocardiographic evaluation during resuscitation (FEER) to be performed in a time-sensitive manner.
Methods
We tested both the capability of FEER to differentiate states of pulseless electrical activity, and its feasibility in the out-of-hospital setting using mobile, battery-powered ultrasound systems. Trained emergency physicians (EP) applied FEER to assessing basic ventricular function by 'eye-balling' in less than 10 seconds in prehospital cardiac arrest victims who were being resuscitated. True pulseless electrical activity (PEA) was defined according to the ERC as 'clinical absence of cardiac output despite electrical activity'. In contrast, any PEA was classified as a 'pseudo-PEA' when cardiac output was visualized by echocardiography.
Results
Seventy-eight CPR cases (age 66 ± 19 years) were included. On arrival of the EP on the scene, a true PEA was suspected in 31/78 cases. However, in 20/31 PEA cases cardiac wall movement was detected (pseudo-PEA) and correctable causes such as pericardial tamponade (four cases), poor ventricular function (14 cases) and hypovolemia (two cases) were treated. Fourteen out of 20 pseudo-PEA cases survived to hospital admission. In 11/30 PEA cases, no cardiac wall movement was visible (true PEA). All such patients died on the scene. FEER-based changes in therapy were induced in 25/31 cases.
Conclusion
Application of FEER was feasible within a 10-second time-frame of CPR interruptions. While differentiating PEA states, FEER has the ability to identify a pseudo-PEA state, allowing further treatment of the underlying disorder on the scene to improve outcome.
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Byhahn, C., Müller, E., Walcher, F. et al. Prehospital echocardiography in pulseless electrical activity victims using portable, handheld ultrasound. Crit Care 11 (Suppl 2), P279 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1186/cc5439
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/cc5439