Table 1 Causes of acute renal failure in cancer patients
From: Clinical review: Specific aspects of acute renal failure in cancer patients
Pre-renal failure | Sepsis |
|---|---|
Extracellular dehydration (diarrhoea, mucitis, vomiting) | |
Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (formerly called hepatic veno-occlusive disease) | |
Drugs (e.g., calcineurin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs) | |
Capillary-leak syndrome (IL2) | |
Intrinsic failure | |
Acute tubular necrosis | Ischaemia (shock, severe sepsis) |
Nephrotoxic agents (contrast agents, aminoglycosides, amphotericin, ifosfamide, cisplatin) | |
Disseminated intravascular coagulation | |
Intravascular haemolysis | |
Acute interstitial nephritis | Immuno-allergic nephritis |
Pyelonephritis | |
Cancer infiltration (e.g., lymphoma, metastasis) | |
Nephrocalcinosis | |
Vascular nephritis | Thrombotic microangiopathy |
Vascular obstruction | |
Glomerulonephritis | Amyloidosis (AL, myeloma; AA, renal carcinoma or Hodgkin's disease) |
Immunotactoid glomerulopathy | |
Membranous glomerulonephritis (pulmonary, breast or gastric carcinoma) | |
IgA glomerulonephritis, focal glomerulosclerosis | |
Post-renal failure | Intra-renal obstruction (e.g., urate crystals, light chain, acyclovir, methotrexate) |
Extrarenal obstruction (retroperitonal fibrosis, ureteral or bladder outlet obstruction) |