Estimation of energy requirements for mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients using nutritional status

Table 2 The type of feeding route, energy requirement and actual macronutrient intakes of patients

	Underfeeding (n = 15)	Appropriate feeding (n = 20)	Overfeeding (n = 19)
Feeding route
Enteral nutrition (number of subjects)	2	7	7
Parenteral nutrition (number of subjects)	5	6	5
Combined nutrition (number of subjects)	8	7	7
Energy expenditure
Respiratory quotient	0.91 ± 0.19^b	0.97 ± 0.12^a,b	1.16 ± 0.32^a
Measured energy expenditure* (kcal/day)	1878.9 ± 359.5^a	1572.0 ± 256.0^b	1272.4 ± 194.9^c
Total energy requirement^† (kcal/day)	2254.7 ± 431.3^a	1886.4 ± 307.2^b	1526.9 ± 233.8^c
Total energy requirement^† (kcal/kg/day)	35.7 ± 7.3	30.6 ± 6.9	30.6 ± 7.0
Nutrient intake
Energy (kcal)	1541.1 ± 305.9^b	1869.6 ± 303.4^a	2084.9 ± 448.9^a
Energy (kcal/kg per day)	24.9 ± 6.0^b	30.3 ± 7.4^b	41.5 ± 11.5^a
Carbohydrate (g)	246.4 ± 61.8	273.9 ± 77.3	304.3 ± 84.4
Carbohydrate (g/kg per day)	4.0 ± 1.1^b	4.4 ± 1.3^b	6.0 ± 1.7^a
% of total energy	63.7 ± 10.4	58.5 ± 11.1	58.0 ± 6.2
Protein (g)	59.8 ± 16.8	68.1 ± 22.7	66.4 ± 16.3
Protein (g/kg per day)	1.0 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 0.5
% of total energy	16.3 ± 6.6	14.7 ± 5.2	12.9 ± 2.4
Fat (g)	42.2 ± 20.7^b	57.0 ± 19.1^a,b	66.7 ± 11.8^a
Fat (g/kg per day)	0.7 ± 0.4^b	0.9 ± 0.3^b	1.4 ± 0.5^a
% of total energy	24.2 ± 10.9	27.7 ± 9.0	29.5 ± 5.7

Values presented as mean ± standard deviation. Values in a row with different superscript letters are significantly different, P ≤ 0.05. *Resting energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry. ^†Total energy requirement = measured energy expenditure + physical activity (5%) + day-to-day variation (15%).

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