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Compartmentalized cytokine production during mechanical ventilation and ventilator-associated pneumonia
Critical Care volume 6, Article number: P100 (2002)
Introduction
Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common and serious complication of mechanical ventilation (MV). In pneumonia, host defense is considered to be dependent upon the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), and interleukin (IL)-6), anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10), and cytokines with chemotactic abilities (e.g., IL-8).
Aim and methods
We hypothesized that during VAP the inflammatory response is restricted to the side of infection, i.e., to the lung, and may raise before the diagnosis of VAP is clinically made. Non-directed bronchial lavage (NBL) was performed on alternate days in patients expected to require MV for longer than 5 days. Prior to the NBL, blood samples were drawn. The diagnosis of VAP was standardized using a Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score.
Results
VAP occurred in nine patients and the 19 patients who did not develop VAP were considered controls. There were no differences between patients with VAP and controls with respect to age, gender, initial APACHE II score, and primary diagnosis. Levels of TNF, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-8 did not change in control patients in either plasma or NBL-fluid. Furthermore, the diagnosis of VAP was not associated with changes in plasma cytokines. However, serial changes in TNF, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-8 in NBL-fluid strongly correlated with the diagnosis of VAP. A rise of TNF in NBL-fluid above 200 pg/ml predicted a 4.0 (95% CI: 1.1–15.1) times increased risk for developing VAP (P = 0.04, time-dependent Cox proportional hazard analysis). An increase of IL-10, IL-6 and IL-8 levels in NBL-fluid above 100 pg/ml, 1 ng/ml, and 15 ng/ml, respectively, was associated with a relative risk of 5.6 (95% CI: 1.5–20.9), 9.0 (95% CI: 1.1–72.1), and 4.6 (95% CI: 0.9–22.6), respectively, for developing VAP.
Conclusion
Local, but not systemic, cytokine levels increase before VAP is clinically diagnosed.
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Millo, J., Schultz, M., Weverling, G. et al. Compartmentalized cytokine production during mechanical ventilation and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 6 (Suppl 1), P100 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1553
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1553