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Pre-exposure to mechanical ventilation and endotoxin influence bacterial growth and immune response during experimental ventilator-associated pneumonia
Critical Care volume 19, Article number: P12 (2015)
Introduction
Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) is correlated with adverse outcomes in sepsis. NO is additionally a central part of the innate immune system defense against pathogens causing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which can complicate the clinical course during mechanical ventilation (MV). We hypothesized that pre-exposure to MV and systemic inflammation from endotoxin each would influence bacterial growth in lung tissue, based on an altered immune response in experimental pneumonia. We used a porcine Pseudomonas aeruginosa VAP model with ventilatory and inflammatory pre-exposures before inoculation to evaluate bacterial growth, development of lung damage, total NO production and inflammatory cytokine response.
Methods
Three groups of mechanically ventilated pigs were subjected to experimental VAP for 6 hours with intrapulmonary 1 × 1011 CFU P. aeruginosa at baseline. Two groups were pre-exposed to MV for 24 hours before bacterial inoculation: MV + Etx (n = 6, received endotoxin 0.063 μg × kg-1 × hour-1) and MV (n = 6, received saline in equivalent volume). One group, Un (n = 8), started the experiment unexposed to both MV and endotoxin, directly from the initiation of VAP. Postmortem lung tissue samples rendered bacterial cultures. NO production was measured with urinary nitrate levels over 6 hours of VAP.
Results
The animals pre-exposed to endotoxin (MV + Etx) displayed higher bacterial growth (CFU × g-1) (P < 0.05), lower PaO2/FiO2 (P < 0.05) and lower nitrate levels (P < 0.01) than the unexposed animals (Un). Plasma TNFα levels were higher in Un than in both pre-exposed groups MV + Etx and MV (P < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the two pre-exposed groups.
Conclusion
Mechanical ventilation for 24 hours with concomitant endotoxin exposure enhances bacterial growth and lung damage during P. aeruginosa VAP, compared with inoculation without any pre-exposure to MV or endotoxin. The greater bacterial clearance in the unexposed animals was associated with higher NO production and higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Sperber, J., Nyberg, A., Lipcsey, M. et al. Pre-exposure to mechanical ventilation and endotoxin influence bacterial growth and immune response during experimental ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 19, P12 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/cc14092
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Keywords
- Nitric Oxide
- Mechanical Ventilation
- Nitrate Level
- Lung Damage
- Endotoxin Exposure
