Table 2 Summary of animal studies of different models of acute kidney injury reporting effects on the brain
From: Brain–kidney crosstalk
Study | Subjects | Model | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Ali and colleagues [26] | Rats | Nephrectomy | Increased plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine |
Decreased cerebral norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine | |||
Jeppsson and colleagues [30] | Rats | IRI | Reduced plasma valine and threonine but increased plasma phenylalanine |
Increased phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine, but decreased threonine in the brain | |||
Adachi and colleagues [29] | Rats | IRI | Unchanged in cerebral norepinephrine and serotonin turnover as well as brain water content |
Decrease in cerebral dopamine metabolism and motor activity | |||
Palkovits and colleagues [10] | Rats | Nephrectomy, drugs induce AKI | Moderate increase in neuronal activation in the biogenic amine expressing cell group |
Strongly increased neuronal activation in stress-sensitive brain nuclei and central regulation of salt and water balance area | |||
Variable increase in neuronal activation in central autonomic cell group | |||
Andres-Hernando and colleagues [19] | Mice | Nephrectomy | Increased cytokine production and decreased renal clearance |
Fuquay and colleagues [21] | Mice | IRI | Magnified humoral immune response |
Liu and colleagues [25] | Mice | Nephrectomy, IRI | Increase of proinflammatory chemokines (keratinocyte-derived chemoattractant, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein) in the kidney |
Elevation of keratinocyte-derived chemoattractant, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the brain | |||
No change in brain water content | |||
Increased blood–brain barrier permeability (extravasation of Evan blue dye in the brain) | |||
Trachtman and colleagues [45] | Rats | Urethral ligation | Decreased brain water at 8 hours and increased organic osmolyte in the brain at 48 hours |
Silver [47] | Rats | Urethral ligation | No significant change in brain organic osmolyte |
Decrease in brain water content | |||
Galons and colleagues [48] | Rats | Nephrectomy | No difference in brain water content |