Table 1 Main endotoxin tolerance features found in different tissues according to the models used

^bPeritoneal macrophage

In vitro

LPS + LPS

TNF-α, IL-1β, GMCSF, CCL2, CCL4, CXCL10, CXCL2

[35]

^bPeritoneal macrophage

In vitro

LPS + LPS

↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p40, COX2, CXCL10, ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p40, COX2, CXCL10 = TNF-α, IL-1β, ↓ IL-12p40, COX2, CXCL10, ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p40, COX2, ↑CXCL10 = TNF-α, ↓ CXCL10, ↓ TNF-α, ↑ CXCL10

[36]

MALP2 + MALP2

LPS + MALP2

MALP2 + LPS

Poli(I:C) + LPS

R848 + LPS

^bPeritoneal macrophage

In vitro

LPS + LPS

↓ TNF-α, IFN-β

[37]

Pam3Cys + Pam3Cys

↓ TNF-α , = TNF-α

LPS + Pam3Cys

↑ TNF-α, = IFN-β

Pam3Cys + LPS

^bBMMs

In vitro

LPS + LPS

↓ inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-1β, MMP3)

[28]^c

↑ antimicrobial genes (Fpr1, Oasl1)

^bBMMs

In vitro

LipidA + LipidA

↓ TNF-α, CCL3, ↑ IFN-β, IL-10

[38]

Pam3Cys + Pam3Cys

↓ TNF-α, CCL3

LipidA + Pam3Cys

= TNF-α, CCL3, IFN-β

= TNF-α, CCL3, IFN-β

Pam3Cys + LipidA

↓ TNF-α, CCL3, ↑ IFN-β, IL-10

Poli(I:C) + LipidA

^dMonocytes

In vitro

LPS + LPS

↓ inflammatory cytokines/chemokines

[17]^c

↑ IFN-β, TGF-β

↑ Scavenger receptors

↑ Phagocytic capacity

↓ Antigen presentation potential

^dPBMCs

In vitro

LPS + LPS

↓ TNF-α, IL−12, ↑ IL-10, COX2

[19]

^ePBMCs

In vitro

LPS + LPS

↓ TNF-α, IL-12, ↑ IL-10

[39]

^dSeptic monocytes

Ex vivo

Monocytes from patients with sepsis + LPS

↓ TNF-α, IL6, IL-1β

[6]

^dWhole blood

Ex vivo

LPS injection + ex vivo restimulation

↓ TNF-α, IL6, IL-10

[11]

^bPeritoneal/splenic macrophage

Ex vivo

LPS injection + ex vivo restimulation

↓ TNF-α, IL6, CXCL8 = IL-10, IL-1RA

[40]

^fMammary tissue

In vivo

LPS + E. coli injection

↓ TNF-α, IL6, CXCL8, CCL20, ↑ IL-10

[41]

^dSerum

In vivo

5 consecutive LPS injections

↓ elastase, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1RA = TGF-β

[42]

^dPlasma

In vivo

2 consecutive LPS inoculations

↓ TNF-α, IL6, IL-10, IL-1RA, TGF-β

[11]