Table 2 Predictors of endotracheal intubation in patients receiving NIV for non-hypercapnic AHRF

Age, years

58.0 (± 17.1)

62.6 (± 14.4)

1.47 [0.99 to 1.02]; P = 0.142

-

Male sex, n (%)

36 (69%)

39 (64%)

0.85 [0.51 to 1.44]; P = 0.551

-

SAPS II

31.4 (± 10.9)

46.3 (± 18.2)

1.05 [1.03 to 1.06]; P <0.001

Not included

Immunosuppression/cancer, n (%)

20 (38%)

30 (49%)

1.30 [0.79 to 2.16]; P = 0.169

-

Cancer, n (%)

0 (0%)

8 (13%)

4.36 [2.01 to 9.44]; P <0.001

2.74 [1.22 to 6.15]; P = 0.014

At Admission before VNI

Sepsis, n (%)

37 (71%)

43 (70%)

0.97 [0.56 to 1.68]; P = 0.913

-

Glasgow coma score

14.9 (± 0.5)

14.6 (± 1.2)

0.84 [0.69 to 1.03]; P = 0.098

0.77 [0.63 to 0.96]; P = 0.018

Respiratory Rate, breaths/minute

32.7 (± 7.0)

33.3 (± 6.6)

1.01 [0.97 to 1.05]; P = 0.517

-

pH

7.44 (± 0.06)

7.44 (± 0.08)

2.16 [0.05 to 89.3]; P = 0.685

-

PaO₂, mm Hg

78.7 (± 43.0)

84.1 (± 53.2)

1.00 [0.99 to 1.01]; P = 0.442

-

PaCO₂, mm Hg

34.8 (± 5.6)

35.3 (± 6.0)

1.01 [0.97 to 1.06]; P = 0.669

-

Bicarbonates, mmol/L

24.4 (± 4.8)

25.5 (± 5.0)

1.01 [0.96 to 1.06]; P = 0.547

-

Lactates, mmol/L

2.0 (± 1.8)

1.9 (± 1.2)

1.00 [0.85 to 1.18]; P = 0.940

-

Heart rate, beats/minute

114 (± 27)

110 (± 25)

0.99 [0.98 to 1.01]; P = 0.467

-

Shock, n (%)

4 (8%)

14 (23%)

2.08 [1.14 to 3.79]; P = 0.017

1.89 [1.01 to 3.53]; P = 0.047

Systolic arterial pressure, mmHg

134 (± 27)

124 (± 24)

0.99 [0.98 to 1.00]; P = 0.055

Not included

At NIV initiation

Altered consciousness, n (%)

3 (6%)

8 (13%)

1.71 [0.81 to 3.59]; P = 0.158

-

pH

7.43 (± 0.06)

7.41 (± 0.10)

0.12 [0.00 to 4.31]; P = 0.244

-

PCO₂, mm Hg

36.6 (± 6.7)

37.5 (± 7.5)

1.02 [0.98 to 1.05]; P = 0.327

-

PaO₂/FiO₂, mm Hg

211 (± 86)

163 (± 92)

0.99 [0.99 to 0.99]; P = 0.003

Not included

Moderate or severe ARDS, n (%)

21 (40%)

45 (74%)

2.79 [1.57 to 4.95]; P < 0.001

2.57 [1.33 to 4.75]; P = 0.003

PaO₂/FiO₂ <150 mm Hg, n (%)

12 (23%)

37 (61%)

2.97 [1.77 to 4.99]; P < 0.001

Not included

PEEP level, cm H₂O

4.8 (± 1.0)

4.4 (± 1.3)

0.77 [0.62 to 0.94]; P = 0.011

0.71 [0.57 to 0.88]; 0.002

PS level, cm H₂O

8.1 (± 2.2)

8.0 (± 1.9)

0.98 [0.86 to 1.13]; P = 0.915

-

Tidal volume, ml

576 (± 144)

619 (± 196)

1.00 [0.99 to 1.00]; P = 0.157

-

Respiratory rate, breaths/minute

32.7 (± 12.9)

33.9 (± 9.0)

1.01 [0.98 to 1.03]; P = 0.601

-

Important leaks, n (%)

2/43 (5%)

3/48 (6%)

1.39 [0.43 to 4.48]; P = 0.720

-

Poor tolerance, n (%)

3/43 (7%)

9/48 (19%)

2.08 [1.00 to 4.30]; P = 0.049

1.97 [0.89 to 4.30]; P = 0.09