Risk factor | Systematic review and/or meta-analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Patient population | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Heterogeneity | |||
Studies | Patients | I2, % | P value | |||
Demographics | ||||||
4 | 909 | Mixed ICU patients | 5.10 (1.92 to 13.58) | 60.2 | 0.06 | |
Age (per year increase) [9] | 1 | 123 | Mixed ICU patients | 2.75 (1.01 to 3.09) | Â | Â |
Presenting diagnosis | ||||||
2 | 223 | Mixed ICU patients | 2.38 (1.34 to 4.23) | 0.0 | 0.47 | |
2 | 183 | Mixed ICU patients | 2.49 (0.48 to 13.0) | 82.7 | 0.02 | |
4 | 1034 | Mixed ICU patients | 1.93 (1.30 to 2.85) | 57.1 | 0.07 | |
Post-laparotomy [17] | 1 | 81 | Trauma patients | 5.72 (1.50 to 21.43) | Â | Â |
Pancreatitis [15] | 1 | 563 | Mechanically ventilated mixed ICU patients | 4.73 (1.96 to 11.41) | Â | Â |
Hepatic failure/cirrhosis [15] | 1 | 563 | Mechanically ventilated mixed ICU patients | 2.07 (2.07 to 28.81) | Â | Â |
GI bleeding [15] | 1 | 563 | Mechanically ventilated mixed ICU patients | 3.37 (1.43 to 7.94) | Â | Â |
2 | 348 | Mixed ICU patients | 2.05 (1.40 to 2.98) | 0.0 | 0.96 | |
Liver dysfunction [24]†| 1 | 265 | Mixed ICU patients | 2.25 (1.1 to 4.58) |  |  |
Disease severity | ||||||
APACHE II score (per point increase) [10] | 1 | 58 | Pancreatitis patients | 1.652 (1.131 to 2.414)* | Â | Â |
Metabolic derangement/organ failure | ||||||
Base deficit [17] | 1 | 81 | Trauma patients | 1.15 (1.01 to 1.33) | Â | Â |
Acidosis [2]†| 1 | 83 | Mixed ICU patients | 1.93 (1.12 to 3.45) |  |  |
Shock/hypotension | ||||||
Vasopressor use [15] | 1 | 563 | Mechanically ventilated mixed ICU patients | 2.33 (1.02 to 5.35) | Â | Â |
Shock [9] | 1 | 123 | Mixed ICU patients | 4.68 (1.93 to 6.44) | Â | Â |
Hypotension [2]†| 1 | 83 | Mixed ICU patients | 2.12 (1.05 to 4.50) |  |  |
CVP (per mmHg) [19] | 1 | 100 | Mixed ICU patients | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.6) | Â | Â |
Respiratory status/failure | ||||||
PEEP >10cm H20 [15] | 1 | 563 | Mechanically ventilated mixed ICU patients | 2.41 (1.57 to 3.70) | Â | Â |
Respiratory failure [15] | 1 | 563 | Mechanically ventilated mixed ICU patients | 1.87 (1.22 to 2.87) | Â | Â |
ARDS [2] | 1 | 83 | Mixed ICU patients | 3.61 (1.60 to 9.06) | Â | Â |
Mechanical ventilation [2] | 1 | 83 | Mixed ICU patients | 6.78 (1.94 to 59.03) | Â | Â |
Crystalloid resuscitation | ||||||
Pre-ICU crystalloid [17]†,‡ | 1 | 81 | Trauma patients | 1.40 (1.00 to 1.96) |  |  |
Fluid balance [9]†,‡ | 1 | 563 | Mixed ICU patients | 5.22 (2.03 to 7.45) |  |  |
24hr fluid balance [10]†,‡ | 1 | 58 | Pancreatitis patients | 1.004 (1.001 to 1.006)* |  |  |
Fluid collections [10]†| 1 | 58 | Pancreatitis patients | 2.015 (1.298 to 3.129)* |  |  |
Non-crystalloid resuscitation | ||||||
2 | 362 | Mixed ICU patients | 2.17 (1.30 to 3.63) | 0.0 | 0.35 |