Decreasing severe pain and serious adverse events while moving intensive care unit patients: a prospective interventional study (the NURSE-DO project)

Table 5 Proportion of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies used during each phase of the study

	Phase 1 (baseline) n= 184	Phase 2 (intervention) n= 129	Phase 3 (adjustment) n= 170	Phase 4 (consolidation) n= 149	P 1-2	P 1-3	P 1-4
Analgesics drugs, n (%)
WHO step 3	28 (15%)	32 (25%)	36 (21%)	33 (22%)	0.11	0.14	0.12
WHO step 2: tramadol	17 (9%)	25 (19%)	48 (28%)	49 (33%)	0.19	0.001	< 0.001
WHO step 1: acetaminophen	29 (16%)	23 (18%)	44 (26%)	36 (24%)	0.72	0.23	0.17
nefopam	22 (12%)	9 (7%)	26 (15%)	33 (22%)	0.24	0.71	0.11
At least one drug	60 (33%)	56 (43%)	86 (51%)	79 (53%)	0.22	0.01	0.002
Number of drugs per patient, mean (SD)	0.52 (0.70)	0.69 (0.77)	0.91(0.85)	1.01 (0.97)	0.30	0.008	< 0.001
Non pharmacological therapies
Explication*, n (%)	158 (87%)	91(71%)	140 (82%)		0.01	0.62	ND
Massage, n (%)	120 (66%)	82 (64%)	64 (38%)		0.86	< 0.001	ND
Standard music listening, n (%)	12 (7%)	10 (8%)	4 (2%)		0.08	< 0.001	ND
Music therapy, n (%)	0 (0%)	5 (4%)	0 (0%)		0.99	1.00	ND
At least one therapy, n (%)	160 (88%)	98 (76%)	142 (84%)		0.06	0.54	ND
Number of therapies per patient, mean (SD)	2 (1;3]	3 (1;4]	1 (1;2]		< 0.01	0.05	ND

ND, not done (external audit of medical chart records); SD, Standard Deviation; WHO, World Health Organization. Analgesics were classified according to the WHO's pain relief ladder [55] used to treat pain. 1^st step, non-opioid analgesics; 2^nd step, minor opioids; 3^rd step, major opioids. Non-pharmacological therapies were evaluated for the three first phases. Non-pharmacological therapies were not assessed during the post-intervention Phase 4 (see text). * Explication of the procedure process, insurance that pain will be taken into consideration, if any.

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