Table 5 Summary of the efficacy of the interventions.
| Conclusions based on | Perioperative procedures and drugs (>, superior to; =, equally effective to; UC*, uncertain) | Pharmacological, psychological or multicomponent interventions (>, superior to; =, equally effective to; UC, uncertain) |
|---|---|---|
| Meta-analysis | Postoperative sedation: dexmedetomidine > other sedatives [41, 44] |
Typical antipsychotics > placebo [22, 29, 54] Atypical antipsychotics > placebo [36, 45, 52] Multicomponent interventions > standard [25, 35] |
|
Anesthesia type: neuraxial = general [17, 20, 27, 31] Analgesia type: epidural = intravenous [19, 24, 32] | Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors = placebo [30, 37, 39, 48] | |
|
Atypical antipsychotics UC typical antipsychotics [22, 29, 36, 45, 52, 54] Sleep restoration: bright light UC standard [38, 49] | ||
| Single study |
Sedation depth: light > deep [47] Additional ketamine > routine general anesthesia induction [40] Additional fascia iliaca compartment block > standard analgesia [43] |
Anticonvulsants: gabapentin > placebo [33]; pregabalin > placebo [50] Sleep restoration: diazepam/flunitrazepam/pethidine > standard [26] |
| Additional N2O during general anesthesia = standard [34] |
Histamine H2 blockers: cimetidine UC ranitidine [21] Psychiatric intervention UC standard [18] Music UC standard [42] | |
|
Controlled hypotension: mild UC marked [23] Anesthetics plus epidural anesthesia: propofol UC sevoflurane [28] Anesthetics during general anesthesia: propofol UC desflurane [51] Analgesics: Long-acting morphine UC placebo [53] Postoperative sedation: clonidine UC other sedatives [46] |
