Characteristics at time of hospital admission | Pneumonia cases (n = 70,914) | Population controls (n = 709,140) | Total (n = 780,045) |
---|---|---|---|
Age, number (percentage) | |||
15-39 years | 5,140 (7.3) | 51,601 (7.3) | 56,741 (7.3) |
40-64 years | 17,803 (25.1) | 178,095 (25.1) | 195,898 (25.1) |
65-79 years | 26,122 (36.8) | 261,046 (36.8) | 287,168 (36.8) |
≥80 years | 21,849 (30.8) | 218,398 (30.8) | 240,247 (30.8) |
Sex, number (percentage) | |||
Female | 33,278 (46.9) | 332,780 (46.9) | 366,058 (46.9) |
Male | 37,636 (53.1) | 376,360 (53.1) | 413,996 (53.1) |
Calendar period, number (percentage) | |||
1997-2000 | 17,754 (25.0) | 177,540 (25.0) | 195,294 (25.0) |
2001-2004 | 23,786 (33.5) | 237,860 (33.5) | 261,646 (33.5) |
2005-2009 | 29,374 (41.4) | 293,740 (41.4) | 323,144 (41.4) |
Preadmission hospital-diagnosed comorbidities, number (percentage) | |||
Conditions included in the Charlson index | |||
Previous myocardial infarction | 6,704 (9.5) | 39,573 (5.6) | 46,277 (5.9) |
Congestive heart failure | 7,457 (10.5) | 29,791 (4.2) | 37,248 (4.8) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 6,100 (8.6) | 28,615 (4.0) | 34,715 (4.5) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 10,672 (15.0) | 62,515 (8.8) | 73,187 (9.4) |
Dementia | 1,581 (2.2) | 9,343 (1.3) | 10,924 (1.4) |
Hemiplegia | 472 (0.7) | 1,133 (0.2) | 1,605 (0.2) |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 14,457 (20.4) | 44,225 (6.2) | 58,682 (7.5) |
Connective tissue disease | 3,759 (5.3) | 19,158 (2.7) | 22,917 (2.9) |
Peptic ulcer disease | 6,198 (8.7) | 34,861 (4.9) | 41,059 (5.3) |
Mild liver disease | 1,299 (1.8) | 3,671 (0.5) | 4,970 (0.6) |
Moderate to severe liver disease | 386 (0.54) | 861 (0.12) | 1,247 (0.2) |
Diabetes without end-stage organ damage | 5,662 (8.0) | 28,185 (4.0) | 33,847 (4.3) |
Diabetes with end-stage organ damage | 2,978 (4.2) | 11,478 (1.6) | 14,456 (1.9) |
Moderate to severe renal disease | 2,714 (3.8) | 8,523 (1.2) | 11,237 (1.4) |
Solid cancer | 10,737 (15.1) | 62,092 (8.8) | 72,829 (9.3) |
Metastatic solid cancer | 2,043 (2.9) | 4,174 (0.6) | 6,217 (0.8) |
Leukemia | 744 (1.0) | 1,267 (0.2) | 2,011 (0.3) |
Lymphoma | 1,307 (1.8) | 2,490 (0.4) | 3,797 (0.5) |
AIDS | 88 (0.1) | 87 (0.0) | 175 (0.0) |
Charlson comorbidity index score | |||
Low, 0 | 26,285 (37.1) | 457,185 (64.5) | 483,470 (62.0) |
Medium, 1-2 | 28,627 (40.4) | 197,723 (27.9) | 226,350 (29.0) |
High, ≥3 | 16,002 (22.6) | 54,232 (7.7) | 70,234 (9.0) |
Additional comorbidity | |||
Alcoholism-related disorders | 4,303 (6.1) | 13,871 (2.0) | 18,174 (2.3) |
Obesity | 2,869 (4.1) | 12,515 (1.8) | 15,384 (2.0) |
Any surgical procedure within 90 days of index date | 14,782 (20.8) | 40,385 (5.7) | 55,167 (7.1) |
Preadmission medications within 125 days of index date, unless otherwise indicated | |||
Statins, current use | 7,223 (10.2) | 64,523 (9.1) | 71,746 (9.2) |
Statins, former use (>125 days) | 1,908 (2.7) | 14,102 (2.0) | 16,010 (2.1) |
Oral steroids (within 1 year of index date) | 13,124 (18.5) | 45,763 (6.5) | 58,887 (7.6) |
Other immunosuppressive drugs (within 1 year of index date) | 1,347 (1.9) | 4,789 (0.7) | 6,136 (0.8) |
Users of inhalation medications | |||
Beta2 agonists only | 5,514 (7.8) | 15,110 (2.1) | 20,624 (2.6) |
Corticosteroid therapy only | 823 (1.2) | 5,463 (0.8) | 6,286 (0.8) |
Corticosteroid therapy and beta2 agonists | 9,119 (12.9) | 25,835 (3.6) | 34,954 (4.5) |
Beta blockers | 11,988 (16.9) | 93,125 (13.1) | 105,113 (13.5) |
Low-dose aspirin | 12,731 (18.0) | 95,825 (13.5) | 108,556 (13.9) |
Loop diuretics | 17,804 (25.1) | 76,134 (10.7) | 93,938 (12.0) |
Thiazides | 9,432 (13.3) | 85,475 (12.0) | 94,907 (12.2) |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 9,309 (13.1) | 73,417 (10.4) | 82,726 (10.6) |
Angiotensin II antagonists | 4,598 (6.5) | 46,242 (6.5) | 50,840 (6.5) |
Digoxin | 6,071 (8.6) | 32,810 (4.6) | 38,881 (5.0) |
Vitamin K antagonist | 4,024 (5.7) | 22,590 (3.2) | 26,614 (3.4) |
Calcium antagonists | 10,466 (14.8) | 84,077 (11.9) | 94,543 (12.1) |
Nitrates | 6,384 (9.0) | 34,384 (4.9) | 40,768 (5.2) |
Antipsychotics | 4,902 (6.9) | 21,013 (3.0) | 25,915 (3.3) |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 12,641 (17.8) | 87,279 (12.3) | 99,920 (12.8) |
Proton-pump inhibitors | 11,469 (16.2) | 50,146 (7.1) | 61,615 (7.9) |
Markers of socioeconomic status, number (percentage) | |||
Marital status, number (percentage) | |||
Married | 33,423 (47.1) | 376,521 (53.1) | 409,944 (52.6) |
Never married | 8,957 (12.6) | 80,230 (11.3) | 89,187 (11.4) |
Divorced or widowed | 28,348 (40.0) | 250,837 (35.4) | 279,185 (35.8) |
Unknown | 186 (0.3) | 1,552 (0.2) | 1,738 (0.2) |
Living with small children | 940 (1.3) | 7,981 (1.1) | 8,921 (1.1) |
Urbanization of place of residence, number (percentage) | |||
Rural | 14,138 (20.0) | 143,517 (20.2) | 157,655 (20.2) |
Provincial town | 37,909 (53.5) | 384,034 (54.2) | 421,943 (54.1) |
City | 18,867 (26.6) | 181,589 (25.6) | 200,456 (25.7) |
Markers of frailty and health awareness, number (percentage)a | |||
Receipt of current year's influenza vaccine before index date | 9,538 (17.9) | 74,873 (14.1) | 84,411 (14.4) |
Preventive GP consultations and services | 5,863 (11.0) | 37,349 (7.0) | 43,212 (7.0) |
Social medicine-related GP consultations | 15,118 (28.4) | 59,686 (11.2) | 74,804 (12.8) |
GP conversational therapy | 5,124 (9.6) | 18,738 (3,5) | 23,862 (4.1) |
Application for reimbursement for chronic illness | 2,703 (5.1) | 5,958 (1.1) | 8,661 (1.5) |
Application for reimbursement for terminal illness | 274 (0.5) | 229 (0.04) | 503 (0.1) |
GP diagnosis and treatment of dementia | 560 (1.1) | 4,046 (0.8) | 4,606 (0.8) |