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Table 1 Case-control study: characteristics of 70,914 hospitalized patients with pneumonia and 709,140 population controls in Denmark (1997-2009)

From: The impact of statin use on pneumonia risk and outcome: a combined population-based case-control and cohort study

Characteristics at time of hospital admission

Pneumonia cases

(n = 70,914)

Population controls

(n = 709,140)

Total

(n = 780,045)

Age, number (percentage)

   

   15-39 years

5,140 (7.3)

51,601 (7.3)

56,741 (7.3)

   40-64 years

17,803 (25.1)

178,095 (25.1)

195,898 (25.1)

   65-79 years

26,122 (36.8)

261,046 (36.8)

287,168 (36.8)

   ≥80 years

21,849 (30.8)

218,398 (30.8)

240,247 (30.8)

Sex, number (percentage)

   

   Female

33,278 (46.9)

332,780 (46.9)

366,058 (46.9)

   Male

37,636 (53.1)

376,360 (53.1)

413,996 (53.1)

Calendar period, number (percentage)

   

   1997-2000

17,754 (25.0)

177,540 (25.0)

195,294 (25.0)

   2001-2004

23,786 (33.5)

237,860 (33.5)

261,646 (33.5)

   2005-2009

29,374 (41.4)

293,740 (41.4)

323,144 (41.4)

Preadmission hospital-diagnosed comorbidities, number (percentage)

   

Conditions included in the Charlson index

   

   Previous myocardial infarction

6,704 (9.5)

39,573 (5.6)

46,277 (5.9)

   Congestive heart failure

7,457 (10.5)

29,791 (4.2)

37,248 (4.8)

   Peripheral vascular disease

6,100 (8.6)

28,615 (4.0)

34,715 (4.5)

   Cerebrovascular disease

10,672 (15.0)

62,515 (8.8)

73,187 (9.4)

   Dementia

1,581 (2.2)

9,343 (1.3)

10,924 (1.4)

   Hemiplegia

472 (0.7)

1,133 (0.2)

1,605 (0.2)

   Chronic pulmonary disease

14,457 (20.4)

44,225 (6.2)

58,682 (7.5)

   Connective tissue disease

3,759 (5.3)

19,158 (2.7)

22,917 (2.9)

   Peptic ulcer disease

6,198 (8.7)

34,861 (4.9)

41,059 (5.3)

   Mild liver disease

1,299 (1.8)

3,671 (0.5)

4,970 (0.6)

   Moderate to severe liver disease

386 (0.54)

861 (0.12)

1,247 (0.2)

   Diabetes without end-stage organ damage

5,662 (8.0)

28,185 (4.0)

33,847 (4.3)

   Diabetes with end-stage organ damage

2,978 (4.2)

11,478 (1.6)

14,456 (1.9)

   Moderate to severe renal disease

2,714 (3.8)

8,523 (1.2)

11,237 (1.4)

   Solid cancer

10,737 (15.1)

62,092 (8.8)

72,829 (9.3)

   Metastatic solid cancer

2,043 (2.9)

4,174 (0.6)

6,217 (0.8)

   Leukemia

744 (1.0)

1,267 (0.2)

2,011 (0.3)

   Lymphoma

1,307 (1.8)

2,490 (0.4)

3,797 (0.5)

   AIDS

88 (0.1)

87 (0.0)

175 (0.0)

Charlson comorbidity index score

   

   Low, 0

26,285 (37.1)

457,185 (64.5)

483,470 (62.0)

   Medium, 1-2

28,627 (40.4)

197,723 (27.9)

226,350 (29.0)

   High, ≥3

16,002 (22.6)

54,232 (7.7)

70,234 (9.0)

Additional comorbidity

   

   Alcoholism-related disorders

4,303 (6.1)

13,871 (2.0)

18,174 (2.3)

   Obesity

2,869 (4.1)

12,515 (1.8)

15,384 (2.0)

   Any surgical procedure within 90 days of index date

14,782 (20.8)

40,385 (5.7)

55,167 (7.1)

Preadmission medications within 125 days of index date, unless otherwise indicated

   

   Statins, current use

7,223 (10.2)

64,523 (9.1)

71,746 (9.2)

   Statins, former use (>125 days)

1,908 (2.7)

14,102 (2.0)

16,010 (2.1)

   Oral steroids (within 1 year of index date)

13,124 (18.5)

45,763 (6.5)

58,887 (7.6)

   Other immunosuppressive drugs (within 1 year of index date)

1,347 (1.9)

4,789 (0.7)

6,136 (0.8)

Users of inhalation medications

   

   Beta2 agonists only

5,514 (7.8)

15,110 (2.1)

20,624 (2.6)

   Corticosteroid therapy only

823 (1.2)

5,463 (0.8)

6,286 (0.8)

   Corticosteroid therapy and beta2 agonists

9,119 (12.9)

25,835 (3.6)

34,954 (4.5)

   Beta blockers

11,988 (16.9)

93,125 (13.1)

105,113 (13.5)

   Low-dose aspirin

12,731 (18.0)

95,825 (13.5)

108,556 (13.9)

   Loop diuretics

17,804 (25.1)

76,134 (10.7)

93,938 (12.0)

   Thiazides

9,432 (13.3)

85,475 (12.0)

94,907 (12.2)

   Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

9,309 (13.1)

73,417 (10.4)

82,726 (10.6)

   Angiotensin II antagonists

4,598 (6.5)

46,242 (6.5)

50,840 (6.5)

   Digoxin

6,071 (8.6)

32,810 (4.6)

38,881 (5.0)

   Vitamin K antagonist

4,024 (5.7)

22,590 (3.2)

26,614 (3.4)

   Calcium antagonists

10,466 (14.8)

84,077 (11.9)

94,543 (12.1)

   Nitrates

6,384 (9.0)

34,384 (4.9)

40,768 (5.2)

   Antipsychotics

4,902 (6.9)

21,013 (3.0)

25,915 (3.3)

   Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

12,641 (17.8)

87,279 (12.3)

99,920 (12.8)

   Proton-pump inhibitors

11,469 (16.2)

50,146 (7.1)

61,615 (7.9)

Markers of socioeconomic status, number (percentage)

   

Marital status, number (percentage)

   

   Married

33,423 (47.1)

376,521 (53.1)

409,944 (52.6)

   Never married

8,957 (12.6)

80,230 (11.3)

89,187 (11.4)

   Divorced or widowed

28,348 (40.0)

250,837 (35.4)

279,185 (35.8)

   Unknown

186 (0.3)

1,552 (0.2)

1,738 (0.2)

   Living with small children

940 (1.3)

7,981 (1.1)

8,921 (1.1)

Urbanization of place of residence, number (percentage)

   

   Rural

14,138 (20.0)

143,517 (20.2)

157,655 (20.2)

   Provincial town

37,909 (53.5)

384,034 (54.2)

421,943 (54.1)

   City

18,867 (26.6)

181,589 (25.6)

200,456 (25.7)

Markers of frailty and health awareness, number (percentage)a

   

   Receipt of current year's influenza vaccine before index date

9,538 (17.9)

74,873 (14.1)

84,411 (14.4)

   Preventive GP consultations and services

5,863 (11.0)

37,349 (7.0)

43,212 (7.0)

   Social medicine-related GP consultations

15,118 (28.4)

59,686 (11.2)

74,804 (12.8)

   GP conversational therapy

5,124 (9.6)

18,738 (3,5)

23,862 (4.1)

   Application for reimbursement for chronic illness

2,703 (5.1)

5,958 (1.1)

8,661 (1.5)

   Application for reimbursement for terminal illness

274 (0.5)

229 (0.04)

503 (0.1)

   GP diagnosis and treatment of dementia

560 (1.1)

4,046 (0.8)

4,606 (0.8)

  1. aAscertained among 53,160 pneumonia cases who could be matched with 531,600 controls for 2001-2009. GP, general practitioner.