Effects of probiotics on serum levels of Th1/Th2 cytokine and clinical outcomes in severe traumatic brain-injured patients: a prospective randomized pilot study

Table 3 Isolated pathogens on tracheobronchial secretions cultures in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia

	Probiotic group (n = 16)^a	Control group (n = 19)^b	P value
Isolated pathogen
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	5 (31.3%)	9 (47.4%)	0.491
Staphylococcus aureus	2 (12.5%)	5 (26.3%)	0.415
Acinetobacter baumanii	2 (12.5%)	6 (31.6%)	0.244
Klebsiella pneumoniae	0	2 (10.5%)	0.489
Escherichia cloacae	0	4 (21.1%)	0.109
Yeast-like fungus	0	2 (10.5%)	0.489
Patients with VAP infected with ≥ 2 kinds of pathogens	1 (14.3%)	10 (76.9%)	0.017
Patients reacquired another pathogen 7 days after admission	1 (14.3%)	8 (61.5%)	0.07

Data presented as n (%). Significant differences in bold. ^aSixteen patients in the probiotic group received mechanical ventilation. ^bNineteen patients in the control group received mechanical ventilation. VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia.

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