Figure 5

Schematic diagram demonstrating the potential mechanisms by which mesenchymal stem cells can modulate the immune response. DC, dendritic cell; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFN, interferon; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL-1RA, IL-1-receptor antagonist; Mac, macrophage; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; NK, natural killer; NO, nitric oxide; PDL, Programmed death ligand 1; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; SDF, stem-cell-derived factor 1; TGF, transforming growth factor; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; Treg, regulatory T cell; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Reproduced with permission from [19].