Table 2 Characteristics, treatment, and outcome of patients with severe trauma and cardiac arrest based on the Trauma Registry
ATR-DGUPre-hospital resuscitation | DNo resuscitation | |
|---|---|---|
Patients (n) | 814 | 25,366 |
Age | 44.1 ± 21.8 | 42.2 ± 20.6 |
Aged > 60 years | 28.3% | 22.4% |
Male gender | 72.2% | 72.9% |
Injury Severity Score | 39.9 ± 19.7 | 24.0 ± 12.5 |
Head injury (AIS ≥3) | 74.6% | 47.5% |
Penetrating trauma | 6.4% | 4.7% |
Suicide (suspected) | 7.6% | 5.8% |
Mechanism of injury | ||
Traffic | 60.9% | 62.9% |
High fall (> 3 m) | 13.4% | 16.7% |
Initial blood pressure (mmHg) | 56 ± 56 | 121 ± 31 |
Shock (BP ≤ 90 mmHg) | 72.3% | 17.3% |
Cardiac arrest on arrival (BP = 0 mmHg) | 41.5% | 0% |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 65 ± 55 | 95 ± 21 |
Endotracheal intubation | 97.7% | 53.8% |
Chest drain | 17.1% | 5.9% |
Catecholamines | 77.5% | 5.2% |
Volume administration | 93.7% | 92.3% |
Volume (total, mL) | 1886 ± 1382 | 1372 ± 1056 |
Crystalloids (mL) * | 1306 ± 901 | 1061 ± 697 |
Colloids (mL) * | 971 ± 688 | 786 ± 516 |
Hyperoncotic solutions (mL) * | 347 ± 222 | 328 ± 238 |
Time at scene (arrival to departure) | 34.6 ± 17.1 | 32.6 ± 19.2 |
Time from accident to hospital admission | 66.2 ± 30.8 | 69.7 ± 36.4 |
Transportation by helicopter | 38.1% | 40.1% |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | 96 ± 43 | 125 ± 29 |
Shock (BP ≤ 90 mmHg) | 44.7% | 11.6% |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 98 ± 34 | 90 ± 20 |
Blood transfusion | 44.7% | 27.6% |
Mass transfusion | 15.4% | 7.1% |
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 36.1% | 0% |
Emergency surgery | 14.5% | 6.3% |
Any surgery | 57.7% | 80.5% |
24-hour mortality | 51.4% | 5.5% |
Hospital mortality | 72.9% | 12.5% |
Length of hospital stay in survivors (days; mean ± SD) | 33.4 ± 30.6 | 29.1 ± 27.8 |
Length of hospital stay in non-survivors (days; mean ± SD) | 3.9 ± 8.9 | 8.4 ± 15.4 |
GOS ** | ||
Good recovery | 8.8% | 46.2% |
Minor limitations | 6.5% | 26.6% |
Severe limitations | 5.9% | 11.7% |
PVS | 4.9% | 2.4% |
Discharged at home | 6.9% | 38.6% |
Discharged at home among survivors | 24.3% | 44.1% |