Table 1 Role of HIF-1α in different pathogenic microbial infections

Bacteria

Escherichia coli

UTI model

Promotes the production of NO and antimicrobial peptides

[71]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Keratitis model

Enhances the activation of inflammatory cells, production of antimicrobial peptides, and ability to kill bacteria

[72]

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Pneumonia model

HIF-1α is a susceptibility factor for bacterial invasion during pneumonia

[73]

Clostridium difficile

Ileal loop model

Protects the intestinal mucosa from C difficile toxins

[74]

Staphylococcus aureus

Kidney abscesses model

Participation in abscess formation

[75]

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumonia model

No significant impact

[76]

Salmonella Typhimurium

Salmonella infection model

No significant impact

[77]

Viruses

BKV

Kidney tissue samples

bind the BKV promoter and enhance BKV replication

[78]

RSV

Primary human small alveolar epithelial cells

RSV replication and the glycolytic pathway

[79]

DENV

Primary monocytes

Enhance antibody‐dependent DENV infection in monocytic cells

[80]

HBV

Liver-derived cell

Increases HBV RNA transcript levels, core protein levels, cytoplasmic localization of core protein, and replication of the HBV

[81]

VACV

HEK293T cell

Involved in virus-induced hypoxic responses

[61]

SARS-CoV-2

PBMCs

Virus replication and monocyte cytokine production

[82]

Fungi

Aspergillus fumigatus

A549 cells and mouse airway cells

Upregulation induces pro-inflammatory factors

[70]

Candida albicans

CA-colonized mice

Inhibits Candida albicans colonization

[69]