Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients by clusters at baseline and day 3
Missing values, n (%) at baseline/n (%) at day 3 | Clustering at baseline | Clustering on day 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | ||
Age, years | 4 (0.11%) | 60 [50,69] | 67 [60,72] | 61 [51,69] | 67 [60,73] |
Sex, female | 4 (0.11%) | 494 (35%) | 614 (26%) | 574 (37%) | 505 (24%) |
Active smoker | 730 (19.5) | 68 (6.09%) | 134 (7.06%) | 81 (6.40%) | 115 (6.93%) |
Hypertension | 15 (0.40%) | 306 (22%) | 1633 (70%) | 463 (30%) | 1420 (68%) |
Diabetes mellitus | 19 (0.51%) | 221 (16%) | 761 (33%) | 296 (19%) | 659 (32%) |
Obesity | 14 (0.37%) | 459 (33%) | 890 (38%) | 529 (34%) | 790 (38%) |
Chronic heart failure | 359 (9.59%) | 112 (9%) | 380 (18%) | 145 (10%) | 327 (18%) |
Chronic kidney disease | 11 (0.29%) | 49 (3%) | 171 (7%) | 50 (3%) | 157 (7%) |
Chronic respiratory disease | 11 (0.29%) | 92 (7%) | 280 (12%) | 113 (7%) | 246 (12%) |
Hematologic disease | 402 (10.7%) | 48 (4%) | 108 (5%) | 66 (5%) | 85 (5%) |
Malignant neoplasm | 394 (10.5%) | 40 (3%) | 78 (4%) | 44 (3%) | 72 (4%) |
Immunosuppression | 411 (10.9%) | 24 (2%) | 42 (2%) | 20 (2%) | 42 (2%) |
APACHE II score at ICU admission | 1743 (46.6%) | 12 [9, 16] | 14 [10, 19] | – | – |
SOFA score | 1411 (37.7%)/1685 (45%) | 5 [4, 7] | 7 [6, 8] | 4 [3, 6] | 7 [6, 8] |
Temperature, ºC | 649 (17.3%)/875 (23.4%) | 36.9 [36.1,37.7] | 36.8 [36.0,37.6] | 36.7 [36.0,37.2] | 36.8 [36.0,37.5] |
Respiratory rate, bpm | 765 (20.4%)/1011 (27%) | 24 [20, 31] | 25 [20, 30] | 20 [18, 24] | 23 [20, 26] |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 589 (15.7%)/925 (24.7%) | 122 [105,140] | 120 [101,140] | 130 [113,151] | 125 [109,146] |
Mean blood pressure, mmHg | 1376 (36.8%)/1510 (40.3%) | 85 [72,98] | 83 [70,96] | 90 [75,103] | 82 [71,96] |
Heart rate, bpm | 620 (16.6%)/876 (23.4%) | 85 [70,100] | 87 [70,102] | 70 [55,89] | 80 [60,98] |
PaO2/FIO2 ratio, mmHg | 310 (8.28%)/359 (9.59%) | 119 [83,177] | 110 [80.6,154] | 198 [156,250] | 161 [122,210] |
PaO2 mmhg | 204 (5.45%)/328 (8.76%) | 84 [67.0,114] | 84[66.9,110] | 88 [75,110] | 86 [73,107] |
Vasopressor use | 419 (11.2%)/555 (14.8%) | 352 (28%) | 1718 (82%) | 444 (32%) | 1434 (79%) |
pH | 107 (2.86%)/310 (8.28%) | 7.40 [7.34,7.45] | 7.34 [7.27,7.41] | 7.43 [7.40,7.46] | 7.37 [7.31,7.42] |
PaCO2, mmHg | 117 (3.13%)/305 (8.15%) | 41 [35.0,47.9] | 45 [37.1,53.8] | 43 [39.0,47.3] | 48 [42.6,55.4] |
Lactate, mmol/L | 817 (21.8%)/1001 (26.7%) | 1.40 [1.10,1.90] | 1.50 [1.10,2.10] | 1.62 [1.20,2.10] | 1.80 [1.36,2.30] |
Hemoglobin, g/dl | 546 (14.6%)/684 (18.3%) | 13.0 [11.8,14.1] | 13.2 [11.9,14.4] | 11.8 [10.7,13.0] | 12.1 [10.9,13.3] |
White blood cell count, 109/L | 52 (1.39%)/393 (10.5%) | 8.96 [6.39,12.8] | 10.0 [7.07,13.9] | 8.30 [6.30,10.9] | 9.82 [7.20,13.5] |
Lymphocyte count, 109/L | 146 (3.90%)/407 (10.9%) | 0.64 [0.42,0.91] | 0.62 [0.41,0.90] | 0.70 [0.48,1.05] | 0.60 [0.40,0.90] |
Neutrophil count, 109/L | 265 (7.08%)/468 (12.5%) | 7.6 [5.20,11.3] | 8.62 [5.96,12.5] | 6.8 [4.92,9.20] | 8.41 [5.90,11.9] |
Platelet count, 109/L | 58 (1.55%)/331 (8.84%) | 236 [181,312] | 230 [174,302] | 277 [212,350] | 242 [179,316] |
D-dimers, mg/L | 705 (18.8%)/1191 (31.8%) | 1197 [600,3398] | 1371 [698,4110] | 2000 [940,5174] | 2498 [1102,7323] |
Ferritin, ng/mL | 2123 (56.7%)/2456 (65.6%) | 1109 [561,1995] | 1248 [678,1976] | 994 [526,1690] | 1214 [722,1928] |
IL6, pg/mL | 2747 (73.4%)/3112 (83.1%) | 119 [38.3,299] | 116 [40.1,272] | 60.8 [15.4,242] | 140 [35.5,555] |
CRP, mg/dL | 332 (8.87%)/700 (18.7%) | 126 [58.1,215] | 155 [72.3,249] | 42.0 [17.1,95.1] | 77.4 [26.4,193] |
Procalcitonin, μg/l | 1137 (30.4%)/1830 (48.9%) | 0.20 [0.09,0.50] | 0.27 [0.13,0.80] | 0.12 [0.07,0.32] | 0.36 [0.13,1.20] |
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/l | 612 (16.2%)/1105 (29.2%) | 490 [376,652] | 542 [414,740] | 379 [304,492] | 434 [338,585] |
Troponin T, ng/l | 3047 (81.4%)/3244 (86.7%) | 0.01 [0.01,0.04] | 0.02 [0.01,0.07] | 0.02 [0.01,0.07] | 0.02 [0.01,0.0 |
NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 3132 (83.1%)/3330 (89%) | 314 [123,785] | 642 [245,1763 | 225 [108,567] | 676 [239,2156] |
Prothrombin time, seg | 1239 (33.1%)/1474 (39.4%) | 13.0 [12.1,14.2] | 13.3 [12.2,14.7] | 12.7 [11.9,13.9] | 13.0 [11.9,14.4] |
Bilirubin, mg/dL | 476 (12.7%)/822 (22.0%) | 0.60 [0.40,0.90] | 0.60 [0.40,0.90] | 0.50 [0.31,0.80] | 0.60 [0.38,1.10] |
Albumin, g/dL | 1751 (46.8%)/1825 (48.8%) | 3.10 [2.70,3.40] | 3.10 [2.70,3.40] | 2.88 [2.59,3.10] | 2.64 [2.37,3.00] |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 42 (1.12%)/326 (8.71%) | 0.75 [0.62,0.94] | 0.93 [0.72,1.26] | 0.70 [0.56,0.90] | 0.99 [0.71,1.5 |
Sodium, mmol/L | 467 (12.5%)/633 (16.9%) | 139 [136,141] | 138 [135,141] | 142 [139,145] | 141 [139,145] |
Potassium, mmol/L | 486 (13%)/640 (17.1%) | 4 [3.66,4.40] | 4.10 [3.70,4.50] | 4.06 [3.70,4.40] | 4.30 [3.90,4.70] |
Tidal volume/PBW (mL/kg) | 1264 (33.8%)/1155 (30.9%) | 7.09 [6.38,7.91] | 7.03 [6.38,7.81] | 7.19 [6.46,8.0 | 7.08 [6.39,7.83] |
PEEP, cmH2O | 537 (14.3%)/366 (9.78%) | 12 [10, 14] | 12 [10, 14] | 12 [10, 13] | 12 [10, 14] |
FiO2, % | 100 (2.67%)/219 (5.85%) | 80 [60,100] | 90 [65,100] | 45 [40,55] | 55 [45,70] |
Peak inspiratory pressure, cmH2O | 1869 (49.9%)/1921 (51.0%) | 30 [27, 34] | 31 [28, 35] | 28 [25, 32] | 32 [28, 36] |
End-inspiratory plateau pressure, cmH2O | 2158 (57.7%)/2322 (61.3%) | 24 [21, 27] | 25 [22, 28] | 23 [20, 26] | 25 [22, 28] |
Driving pressure, cmH2Oa | 2172 (58%)/2334(60%) | 12 [10, 15] | 12.5 [10, 15] | 12 [9, 14] | 12 [10, 15] |
Compliance, mL/cmH2Ob | 2284 (61%)/2422 (64.7%) | 35.8 [28.2,46.0] | 35.7 [29.1,47] | 37.8 [30,50] | 36.4 [28.7,46.4] |
Ventilatory ratioc | 1346 (36%)/1279 (34.2%) | 1.59 [1.28,1.95] | 1.75 [1.40,2.24] | 1.66 [1.40,1.99] | 2.05 [1.69,2.50] |
Neuromuscular blocking agent use | 425 (11.4%)/555 (14.8%) | 430 (35%) | 1683 (81%) | 551 (40%) | 1394 (77%) |
Position | 681 (18.2%)/769 (20.5%) | ||||
Supine | 778 (70%) | 1135 (58%) | 946 (75%) | 1048 (61%) | |
Prone | 319 (28%) | 770 (40%) | 282 (23%) | 631 (37%) | |
Other | 18(2%) | 42(2%) | 29 (2%) | 38 (2%) | |